Experimental data in preschool aged children proves the determining role of the auditory and visual processes for future reading skills, therefore the investigation of complex forms of visual perception in this age period is diagnostically important.: Basic aim of the research is assessment of the sensitive period for the non-verbal perceptive operations in pre-school aged children, and determination of subgroup with low results for non-verbal perception.: The dynamics of the visual perception (visual gnosis) in typically developing children were tested with an adapted version of the Poppelreuter-Ghent Test for figure-ground segregation. The total number of overlapping objects is 33, grouped according to the level of difficulty. The children are given a group of objects separately in a following sequence and they should segregate and name the objects.A number of 365 typically developing children without diagnosis of visual disorders and without corrected visus took part in the research. All children, aged 4, 5, and 6 from three different settlements attend state nursery schools and have Bulgarian as a mother tongue. A three-factor dispersion analysis was held to define the statistical significance of the independent factors age, gender and settlement. The research’s data define the 5 year olds as sensitive about the dynamics of the complex forms of visual perception, compared to the four year old children (p<0.000009) and the six year old children (p<0.001650). The influence of the demographic factor is engaged with the significantly better results of the children from the big town compared to the capital (p<0.000926) and small town (p<0.000700). The influence of the gender as a factor is due to the better functioning of the non-verbal perceptive operations in the females (F = 1,346, p<0.019). According to the additional analysis, 25% of the children at the age of six demonstrate a low rating of the complex forms of non-verbal visual gnosis that could be reviewed as risk for developing dyslexia.: In the age period 4 – 6, there is a process of dynamic maturation of the right-hemispheric structures of the ventral visual system, leading to substantial improvement of the abilities for discrimination of objects in visual crowding. Poppelreuter’s test allows an objective assessment of the state of the non-verbal perceptive abilities in pre-school age and could be used in the diagnostics of predictors for dyslexia.
The chapter summarizes an author's research in the field of child neuropsychology, devoted to the dynamics of non-verbal visual gnosis in 365 children aged 4-6 with typical development. Data from a study of perceptual operations in difficult conditions (a sample to identify incomplete images), the deficits in which they are considered as a predictor of dyslexia, are analyzed. Against the backdrop of a predominantly analytical (left brain) strategy in the processing of visual incentives, a progressive improvement in the holistic (right brain) strategy was also noted, especially in children aged 6. The positive dynamics of identifying visual stimuli in difficult conditions by integrating distinct signs in the 4-6-year period is explained both by the activation of the holistic processing strategy and by the increasing participation of the prefrontal cortex in the functioning of the complex forms of non-verbal visual gnosis.Keywords: non-verbal visual gnosis, incomplete images, dorsal and ventral visual system, pre-school age, holistic visual information processing strategy, specific learning disability, prefrontal cortex
The relevance of the problem of specific learning disorders is becoming greater due to their increase among school-age children. The issue of their prevention is insufficiently discussed, which explains the limited number of studies on preschool children who are about to enter school. Delineating their neuropsychological profiles is important for deriving age norms for the development of basic mental functions, as well as for predicting future obstacles in the literacy process. The reason for this is that the preschool period has a specific sensitivity to the specialization of the cerebral hemispheres and the formation of the morpho-functional basis of higher psychic functions. Graphomotor skills are a basic phenomenon in preschool age, and their development implies a complex integration of programming, executive and spatial functions. According to literature, deficits in graphic functions are part of the developmental dyslexia syndrome. Purpose of the Study: To analyze the dynamics of neuropsychological mechanisms in the formation of motor graphic programs in the preschool period (4-, 5-and 6-year-old children). Hypotheses: 1) The age factor has a leading importance for the development of cerebral mechanisms and for the dynamics of graphomotor functions during the preschool period; 2) Children with typical development demonstrate different levels of graphic skills determined by the influence of social conditions and individual dynamics in the development of brain mechanisms of motor programs. Method: Neuropsychological graphomotor test "Fence", assessing the serial organization of movements and the ability to master a kinetic program. Participants: The study included 365 children with typical development, divided into three age groups-4-, 5-and 6-year-old. Along with the influence of the age factor, the influence of gender and demographic conditions (type of settlement) is also taken into account. Results: Criteria for outcome assessment included quality of serial movement organization, state How to cite this paper: Vasileva, N. (2023). Neuropsychological Parameters of Graphomotor Skills in Typically Developing Children. Creative Education, 14, 163-181.
In recent years, child neuropsychology has paid special attention to ontogenesis and trends in the development of practical functions during the preschool period, given their relationship to practical skills and children’s readiness to learn. On the other hand, the dynamics of complex types of praxis is an indicator of the integration between the brain regions responsible for the perception, programming and recoding of motor patterns. The article presents a comparative analysis of data from a study of two types of praxis functions (dynamic praxis and spatial postural praxis) in children with typical development in the period 4–6 years. The specificity of the performance of neuropsychological tests is an indicator of the functioning and the degree of neuronal connectivity of the parietal and premotor regions of the left hemisphere. The data from the study show a similar trend in the dynamics of the studied functions and the influence on them of three independent factors: age, social conditions (type of settlement) and gender. Significant improvement in the performance of the tasks is observed in children at the age of 6, which is a reason to consider this age as critical for the maturation and neurophysiological connectivity of the structures of the parietal and premotor regions. The assessment of complex types of praxis in this period is an objective indicator of the neuropsychological development of children and has an indisputable prognostic effect for future learning disorders.
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