Poor dietary habits have become one of the most important concerns among public health policy makers in recent years, due to the impact they have on both economic and health systems of a country. The transitional period toward young adulthood, marked with high school graduation and the beginning of college years, has been identified as critical in terms of its influence on young people’s bad eating habits. The aim of this study was to assess whether the results obtained through Food Frequency Questionnaire significantly correlate with standard body parameters. Participants included 210 students from the University of Banja Luka, with the mean age of 21.94 ± 2.73 years. Factorization of Food Frequency Questionnaire Instrument extracted seven factors which were subjected to multiple regression analysis as independent variables, and correlated to dependent variables - anthropological measurements. This study shows that the factors labeled as consumption of bread, consumption of healthy food, and intake of carbohydrates, are significantly related to Body Fat Percentage, whereas factors labeled as intake of food of animal origin, and intake of fruits and vegetables, are statistically significant in terms of their relation to Waist-to-Hip Ratio. Only one factor, labeled as intake of unhealthy food, is significantly related to Body Mass Index; this is to suggest that Body Mass Index has again showed many limitations with regard to its research relevance. This research has also found that students of the University of Banja Luka typically consume white bread, known to have a direct link with overweight and obesity.
UvodPovezanost smetnji vida i bubrežnih oboljenja je još davne 1836. godine uočio Richard Bright [1]. Liebreich je 1859. godine opisao promjene na očnom dnu kod pacijenata u uremiji i dao im zajednički naziv Brightova bolest ili albuminurički retinitis [1,2]. Naknadnim proučavanjem hiper-tenzivnih promjena na očnom dnu albuminurički retinitis vise nije smatran posebnim entitetom, već se ustanovilo da se radi о posljedicama hipertenzije kod uremičnih pacijenata. Retina se ponaša kao veoma osjetljiv, precizan i pouzdan indikator opštih poremećaja, koji reaguje pojavom određene simptomatologije. Hronična bubrežna insu-ficijencija (HBI) predstavlja kompleks simptoma i znakova koji odražavaju poremećaje u funkciji različitih organskih sistema i koji nastaju kao rezultat nesposobnosti bubrega da održi normalan sastav i volumen tjelesnih tečnosti. Dominantni poremećaji u HBI su azotemija, poremećaj metabohzma vode i elektrohta, acidoza, anemija i često hipertenzija. U patofiziologiji HBI se razlikuju 4 stadija bolesti, zavisno od količine propalih nefrona, odnosno od veličine redukcije glomerulame filtracije: (1) stadij smanjene bubrežne rezerve; (2) stadij početne bubrežne insuficijencije (azotemije); (3) stadij klinički manifestne bubrežne insuficijencije i (4) terminalni stadij, koji se manifestuje uremijskim sindromom HBI, a zahtijeva aktivno liječenje hroničnom kontinuiranom hemodijalizom ili transplantacijom bubrega [3].Navedeni metabolički poremećaji ostavljaju direktne ili indirektne posljedice na око bolesnika sa HBI, prvenstveno na očnom dnu, sa posljedičnim poremećajima, kao što je hipertenzivna retinopatija (HR), aterosklerotski fondus, dijabetička retino patija i drugi oblici retinopatije.Cilj rada je bio da se utvrdi postojanje i vrsta promjena na očnom dnu kod bolesnika sa HBI, kao i da se sagleda problem HR u odnosu na osnovni tretman bolesnika u predijaliznom i dijaliznom stadiju bolesti. Takode, cilj je bio da se utvrdi povezanost same etiologije HBI i kliničkog nalaza na fundusu. 53
SUMMARYThe primary role of vitamin D is regulation of calcium, phosphorus and bone metabolism. Vitamin D status assessment is based on measuring of 25 (OH) D concentrations, and disorders of vitamin D status may be manifested as a vitamin D insufficiency, vitamin D deficiency and vitamin D hypervitaminosis. It is generally accepted that values above 75 nmol / L will suffice to prevent the occurrence of secondary hyperparathyroidism. Although vitamin D deficiency can be found at any age, it is most common in women with postmenopausal osteoporosis, and in older women. The aim of this study was to determine the vitamin D status, parathyroid hormone levels and calcium levels in women with newly diagnosed postmenopausal osteoporosis, and to compare the results with the same parameters observed and measured in women without osteoporosis, and to establish whether there is a connection between vitamin D levels and levels of other parameters. The study involved 85 postmenopausal women, all of which were screened for osteoporosis by measuring bone mineral density in the lumbar spine and hip region using DXA method. Of these, 50 women were found to have osteoporosis while 35 had regular DXA values. Our results showed a high incidence of vitamin D deficiency in postmenopausal women, with significantly higher vitamin D deficiency in women with osteoporosis. The values of parathyroid hormone were higher, and the values of ionized calcium were lower in women with osteoporosis, and there is a negative correlation between 25 (OH) D and parathyroid hormone. The most common risk factors for osteoporotic fracture in postmenopausal women were early menopause and previous fracture in adulthood. Reduced levels of vitamin D in women with postmenopausal osteoporosis leads to changes in calcium and parathyroid hormone metabolism
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