This paper re-examines the relationship between growth in per capita income and environmental degradation using econometric techniques appropriate for smooth transition regressions with panel data. This is a more intuitive and flexible methodology than the polynomial models widely used in the literature, and it can reconcile some of the mixed results found previously. The methodology is applied to carbon dioxide emissions from non-OECD countries over the period . Although there is no evidence of environmental Kuznets curve (EKC), we find two regimes, namely a low-income regime where emissions accelerate with economic growth and a middle to high-income regime associated with a deceleration in environmental degradation.

Multivariate GARCH, Smooth transition conditional correlation, Stock return comovement, New EU members, C32, C51, F36, G15,

This letter explores the behavior of conditional correlations among main cryptocurrencies, stock and bond indices, and gold, using a generalized DCC class model. From a portfolio management point of view, asset correlation is a key metric in order to construct efficient portfolios. We find that: (i) correlations among cryptocurrencies are positive, albeit varying across time; (ii) correlations with Monero are more stable across time; (iii) correlations between cryptocurrencies and traditional financial assets are negligible. * nektarios.aslanidis@urv.cat † aurelio.fernandez@urv.cat ‡ oscar.martinez@urv.cat

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This paper explores the time variation in the stock-bond correlation using high-frequency data. Gradual transitions between regimes of negative and positive stock-bond correlation are well accommodated by the smooth transition regression (STR) model. We find that the regimes are systematically related to movements in financial and to a minor extent macroeconomic transition variables. In particular, the most informative transition variables are the short rate, the yield spread, and the VIX volatility index. Importantly, both in-sample and out-of-sample evaluation criteria show that multiple transition variable STR specifications considerably outperform single transition variable STR models. Our results are robust to different forecast horizons.

The empirical finding of an inverse U-shaped relationship between per capita income and pollution, the so-called Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC), suggests that as countries experience economic growth, environmental deterioration decelerates and thus becomes less of an issue. Focusing on the prime example of carbon emissions, the present article provides a critical review of the new econometric techniques that have questioned the baseline polynomial specification in the EKC literature. We discuss issues related to the functional form, heterogeneity, "spurious" regressions and spatial dependence to address whether and to what extent the EKC can be observed. Despite these new approaches, there is still no clear-cut evidence supporting the existence of the EKC for carbon emissions.JEL classifications: C20; Q32; Q50; O13

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