Nanoparticles have wide applications in various fields due to their small size. Titanium dioxide nanoparticles are bright with high refractive index (n = 2.4) which makes them suitable for industry dealing with toothpaste, pharmaceuticals, coatings, papers, inks, plastics, food products, cosmetics and textile. Three crystalline phases of titanium dioxide, are anatase (tetragonal), rutile (tetragonal), and brookite (orthorhombic) in which brookite has no commercial value. Due to their self cleaning and antifogging property, they are used in the preparation of cloths, windows, tiles and anti-fogging car mirrors. Titanium dioxide nanoparticles also serve as environment sanitizing agent. Sol-gel route, flame hydrolysis, co-precipitation, impregnation and chemical vapor deposition like techniques are used for the synthesis of TiO 2 nanoparticles. Biosynthesis of titanium dioxide nanoparticles has gained wide interest among researchers due to its cost effective, eco-friendly and reproducible approach. The sol-gel route remediation of the titanium dioxide from the environment is an important step and it can be achieved by using physical processes like sedimentation and filtration. The biosynthesis of titanium dioxide nanoparticles can be used in comparison to chemical synthesis. The titanium dioxide nanoparticles have wide applications, viz., reducing toxicity of dyes and pharmaceutical drugs; waste water treatment; reproduction of silkworm; space applications; food industries; etc., and so have immense industrial importance. The applications of nanoparticles synthesized by biological approach will be advantageous for the industries; environment and agriculture.
Increase in urbanization leads to more construction of houses, dams, and streets. Reduction of the global warming effects can be carried out by recycling of construction material and searching for eco-friendly construction material. Greenhouse gas emissions can be reduced with the help of construction material which requires less energy for their production. The concept of eco-friendly construction is based on biomimetic (i.e., finding natural material with potential of endurance and self-cleaning properties). Construction materials like Portland cement and concrete can be replaced by eco-friendly biocement and bioconcrete. Production of biocement and bioconcrete can be done by using plants, algae, and bacteria. Use of less cement in concrete leads to less pollution. Concrete is the mixture of cement, sand, gravel, and water. By addition of pozzolan in concrete, the requirement of cement will be reduced. In the current review, major emphasis is given to eco-friendly construction material.
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