ObjectivesBe aware of the burden of tuberculosis among high-risk population is important. Three hundred fifty-two children were participated in this study. Survival analysis was conducted. We assessed the incidence of tuberculosis and its predictors in children on ART.ResultsTuberculosis incidence rate in children on ART was 2.63 per 100 person-years. Those children who were on baseline World Health Organization clinical stages 3 and 4 (AHR (adjusted hazard ratio) = 3.0; 95% CI 1.2–7.7), “fair” and “poor” ART adherence (AHR = 4.0; 95% CI 1.5–10.8), late initiation of ART (AHR = 4.0; 95% CI 1.5–10.6), and less than 6 months duration on ART (AHR = 5.5; 95% CI 1.5–20.6) were more likely to develop tuberculosis infection. The incidence rate of TB in children on ART was high. This study suggests a need to give attention to advanced AIDS stages and improve timely initiation of ART and level of adherence to ART.

Adherence to highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) is the mainstay of the strategy in reducing morbidity and mortality of HIV-infected children. Different primary studies were conducted in Ethiopia. Thus, we aimed to conduct a meta-analysis of the national prevalence of optimal adherence to HAART in children. In addition, associated factors of HAART adherence were reviewed. A weighted inverse variance random-effects model was applied. The 88.7 and 93.7% of children were adhering to HAART at 07 and 03 days prior to an interview respectively. The subgroup analysis showed that HAART adherence was 93.4% in Amhara, 90.1% in Addis Ababa and 87.3% in Tigray at 07 days prior to an interview. Our study suggests that, within short window reported time, adherence to HAART in Ethiopian children may be in a good progress. Emphasis on specific adherence interventions need further based on individual predictors to improve overall HAART adherence of children.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (10.1007/s10461-018-2152-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Background. In developing countries, tobacco smoking has its own contribution to the burden of noncommunicable causes of morbidity and mortality. Studies estimated the burden of cigarette smoking among school-going adolescents in different geographical areas of East Africa. However, due to discrepancies found among those different findings, there is no representative data about the burden of smoking in the continent. Objectives. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to assess the pooled prevalence of current cigarette smoking and its associated factors among school-going adolescents in East Africa. Methods. PubMed, Google Scholar, and the Web of Science Library were searched to access included articles. A weighted inverse-variance random-effects model was used to estimate the prevalence of current cigarette smoking. Variations in the pooled estimates of the prevalence were adjusted through subgroup analysis according to the specific country, where the study was conducted. Funnel plot and Egger’s regression test were used to check publication bias. STATA version 14 statistical software was used for meta-analysis. Results. A total of 26,875 school-going adolescents were included. The pooled prevalence of current cigarette smoking among school-going adolescents in East Africa was found to be 9.02% (95%CI: 6.34-11.70). Based on the subgroup analysis, current cigarette smoking among school-going adolescents was estimated at 9.8% in Kenya, 7.72% in Ethiopia, 10.83% in Uganda, 13.6% in Sudan, and 4% in Tanzania. Conclusions. This meta-analysis revealed that the prevalence of current cigarette smoking is increasing among school-going adolescents in East Africa. Therefore, countries have to realize sale prevention policies, establishing and/or strengthening antismoking campaigners designed for school-going adolescents, and providing training for teachers to be antismoking campaigners.

ObjectivesLow birth weight is one of the global agendas that have an impact on the short and long-term health status. A cross-sectional study from March 1 to April 1, 2018 was conducted. 381 mother–newborn pairs were participated. This study aimed to assess the prevalence and associated factors of low birth weight in the Northwest part of Ethiopia.ResultsThe prevalence of low birth weight was 14.9% (95% CI 11.7–18.9). Being preterm [adjusted odds ratio (AOR) = 4.1; 95% CI 1.7–9.9], absence of ante-natal care follow-up (AOR = 3.4; 95% CI 1.2–9.5), malaria attack during pregnancy (AOR = 4.2; 95% CI 1.6–11.1), anemia during pregnancy (AOR = 2.6; 95% CI 1.03–7.0), and lack of iron supplementation (AOR = 4.0; 95% CI 1.3–12.6) were predisposing factors to low birth weight. On the other hand, infants born from employed mothers (AOR = 0.1; 95% CI 0.01–0.92) were less likely to born with below normal birth weight. The prevalence of low birth was high as compared to WHO estimation.

Introduction: The misuse of drugs among students has become a serious problem. In economically deprived countries most episodes of illness are treated by self medication. Major problems related to self medication are: wastage of resources, increased resistance of Pathogens, and generally entails serious health hazards such as adverse reaction and prolonged suffering. Objective: To assess the prevalence and associated factors of self medication practice among non health professional students of university of Gondar, Northwest Ethiopia. Methods: Institutional based cross sectional study was carried out on 607 non health professional students of university of Gondar; Stratified systematic random sampling technique was employed. A structured and pretested self-administered questionnaire was used to collect data, the collected data were entered using Epi-info version 3.5.3 and SPSS version 20 were used for data entry and analysis respectively. Results: A total of 607 students were participated giving a response rate of 98.02%. From the respondents 226(38%) practiced self medication. The common perceived illnesses reported were headache/Fever 127(56.19%), abdominal pain 59(26.10%) and respiratory tract infections 35(15.48%). Males were two times more likely to practice self medication (AOR: 2.00, 95% CI: 1.41-2.86) than females. Conclusion: The prevalence of self medication among non health professional students is high. In the bivariate and multivariate logistic analysis males were two times more likely practiced self medication than females, and being students from college of Business and economics are 61.5% less likely to practiced self medication than Technology students.

Background Pediatrics emergency department length of stay; is the time between emergency department arrival and discharge, admission, or referred. Globally, there is a rising in the need for emergency department visits, which is very high in pediatric patients causing a longer length of stay, which is a global challenge and the bottle neck of hospitals that increase the risk of patients, morbidity, mortality, and reduce satisfaction. Objective This study aimed to assess the length of stay and its associated factors in the pediatric emergency department, Wolaita Sodo University Hospital, 2021. Methods An institution-based cross-sectional study was conducted from March 15 to May 15/ 2021. A Systematic sampling technique was used to select 422 study participants. Semi-structured interviewer-administered questionnaires and chart reviews were used to collect the data. The data were entered in Epi Data version 4.6 and analyzed with SPSS version 26. Descriptive statistics were applied to describe the prevalence, pediatrics, emergency department length of stay with a 95% confidence interval. Bi-variable and multivariable logistic regression analysis were used to identify the factors associated with length of stay and the significant level was declared at p-value ≤ 0.05 on AOR and 95% confidence interval Results The proportion of prolonged pediatric emergency department length of stay was 79.70% (95% CI; 75.7, 83.6). Night time arrival [AOR = 3.19, 95% CI (1.14, 8.98)], weekend arrival [AOR=4.25 95% CI (1.63,11.12], ordered imaging study [AOR = 2.82 95% CI (1.49,5.35)], not got ordered medication in the hospital [AOR = 2.05 95% CI (1.04,4.03)] orange triage category [AOR = 4.01, 95% CI (1.60,10.05)], and duration of pain 13-24 hours[AOR = 0.29, 95% CI (0.89,0.98)], were significantly associated with length of stay Conclusion The proportion of prolonged pediatrics emergency department length of stay was high. To decrease the length of stay, it is better to support the investment of resources on solving these benchmarks.

BackgroundRelapse is the major problem in children with nephrotic syndrome and leads to a substantial burden on the patient and family worldwide, particularly in resource-limited countries like Ethiopia. However, little is known about the incidence of relapse and its predictors among children with nephrotic syndrome in the study area.MethodsAn institution-based retrospective follow-up study was conducted among 354 randomly selected nephrotic syndrome patients admitted from April 2017 to March 2022. Data entry was carried out using Epi-data manager version 4.6.0.6 and Stata software version 14 for data cleaning and analysis. Cox-proportional hazard models were used to identify predictors of relapse. Any variable with a p-value < 0.25 in the bivariable was taken into the multivariable analysis, and then the association and statistical significance were declared at P≤ 0.05.ResultsMore than half, 55.8% (82/147), of relapses were recorded in the first six months of follow-up. The incidence of relapse was 82.3 per 1000 child-month-observations, with an overall risk of 1785.9 child-month-observations. In children with nephrotic syndrome, the presence of wasting malnutrition [AHR = 1.93, 95% CI 1.28–2.90], acute respiratory tract infections [AHR = 1.79, 95% CI 1.19–2.71], elevated triglyceride levels [AHR = 2.74, 95% CI 1.48–5.07], and low serum albumin levels [AHR = 4.34, 95% CI 22.18–8.64] were predictors of relapse.Conclusion and RecommendationsThe incidence of relapse among nephrotic syndrome patients was high. The independent predictors of relapse in children with nephrotic syndrome were the presence of acute respiratory tract infections, wasting malnutrition at admission, low serum albumin levels, and elevated serum triglyceride levels. Therefore, intervention to reduce and control earlier relapse should focus on preventing relapse-related complications.