Incidence of tuberculosis in children on antiretroviral therapy: a retrospective cohort study

Abstract

ObjectivesBe aware of the burden of tuberculosis among high-risk population is important. Three hundred fifty-two children were participated in this study. Survival analysis was conducted. We assessed the incidence of tuberculosis and its predictors in children on ART.ResultsTuberculosis incidence rate in children on ART was 2.63 per 100 person-years. Those children who were on baseline World Health Organization clinical stages 3 and 4 (AHR (adjusted hazard ratio) = 3.0; 95% CI 1.2–7.7), “fair” and “poor” ART adherence (AHR = 4.0; 95% CI 1.5–10.8), late initiation of ART (AHR = 4.0; 95% CI 1.5–10.6), and less than 6 months duration on ART (AHR = 5.5; 95% CI 1.5–20.6) were more likely to develop tuberculosis infection. The incidence rate of TB in children on ART was high. This study suggests a need to give attention to advanced AIDS stages and improve timely initiation of ART and level of adherence to ART.

Incidence and predictors of extrapulmonary tuberculosis among people living with Human Immunodeficiency Virus in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: A retrospective cohort study

“…This is also recommended in Ethiopia [26]. Likewise, a reduced risk of TB among PLHIV who has taken IPT was reported by different scholars [5,7,22,26,27,29,[34][35][36][37]. The other independent predictor of EPTB infection observed in this study was not enrolled on HAART.…”

“…The main reason for the resurgence of TB in Africa is the link between TB and HIV in addition to the lack of adequate economic and human resources [2]. TB facilitates the rapid progression of HIV disease [4][5][6]. In turn, HIV increases the lifetime risk of developing TB [7,8].…”

Caracterización epidemiológica y clínica en menores de 13 años que viven con VIH en Colombia. 2018: un estudio de corte transversal

“…Nuestro estudio también evidenció en las PVV , mayor número de casos con neumonía bacteriana, síndrome de desgaste y de tuberculosis (TB). Estos hallazgos son similares a los encontrados en otros estudios 6,21 donde además se relacionan tiempos de supervivencia más cortos por estas enfermedades oportunistas. Algunos factores de riesgo para la aparición, por ejemplo, de TB se han relacionado con el estadio clínico en fase 3 (sida), el bajo nivel de adherencia a la terapia y el inicio tardío de la TAR 21 .…”

“…Estos hallazgos son similares a los encontrados en otros estudios 6,21 donde además se relacionan tiempos de supervivencia más cortos por estas enfermedades oportunistas. Algunos factores de riesgo para la aparición, por ejemplo, de TB se han relacionado con el estadio clínico en fase 3 (sida), el bajo nivel de adherencia a la terapia y el inicio tardío de la TAR 21 . En contraste, un estudio en España determinó que la TB ocurre en países endémicos en todos los grupos de edad, independientemente del estado del VIH 22 .…”

Time to Develop Pulmonary Tuberculosis and Predictors Among HIV Infected Children Receiving Anti-Retroviral Therapy in Assosa and Pawe General Hospitals, North West Ethiopia 2020

“…The annual HIV cohort of pediatrics report each year in Ethiopia indicated, more than 3900 children develop incidence of PTB [12,13].Recently pulmonary tuberculosis incidence were found emerging issue [14]. Because of it is one of the leading lethal opportunistic infection [15][16][17]. Currently, Pulmonary tuberculosis incidence children is an emerging and global concern due to its one of leading lethal opportunistic infection for children living with HIV [18].…”