This research describes the interesterification of Malaysian mango seed oil (MSO) and palm oil mid-faction (POMF) to develop a cocoa butter equivalent. Fat blends, formulated by binary blends of palm oil mid-fraction and mango seed oil at different ratios ({100:0}, {60:40}, {50:50}, {40:60}, {0:100}), were subjected to enzymatic interesterification. The solid fat content revealed that all interesterified blends except 100% POMF {0:100} melted completely at body temperature. The interesterified {50:50} blend exhibited a slip melting point (30.35°C) and saponification value (186.89) close to cocoa butter (P < 0.05). Thermal behaviour analysis by differential scanning calorimetry showed fusion and crystallisation behaviour similar to cocoa butter. Moreover, both the blend and cocoa butter scavenging abilities were based on the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl assay, with the concentration required to reduce radical absorbance by 50% (IC 50 ) of 43.08% and 41.1%, respectively. Therefore, the MSO: POMF blend may have use as a healthpromoting food in human diets.
Natural antioxidants have renewed value for human health and the food industry. Green labeling is becoming an important attribute for consumers and is impacting food processing and formulations. Clean label is another attribute that ranked third after the "free-from" claims and "a good source" of nutrient claims. Clean label attributes also are ranked higher than local, seasonal, and organic. Techniques that are able to preserve the valuable characteristics of natural antioxidants, while eliminating even trace amounts of solvent residues from their extraction and processing, are important. Supercritical fluids (SCF) are an effective green technology that can be adopted for extraction of natural antioxidants. This review is focused on the application of supercritical carbon dioxide (SCCO2) for extracting hydrophobic antioxidant compounds with an emphasis on oilseed crops and carrots. The information provided about extraction parameters helps to guide optimization of the yield of tocopherols and carotenoids. Pressure is the most effective parameter for the extraction yield of tocopherol among the other parameters, such as temperature, time, and CO2 flow rate. For carotenoid extraction, both pressure and temperature have a large impact on extraction yield. Higher yields of antioxidants, greater purity of the extracts, and larger retention of bioactivity are the main advantages of supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) in comparison to other conventional techniques. The benefits of SCF technology may open new opportunities for extracting valuable, natural and effective antioxidant compounds from food processing co-streams for use as bioactive compounds.
Finding a fast, reliable, and reproducible approach for an accurate analysis of complex lipid mixtures of emulsifiers is crucial for the food and beverages, pharmaceuticals, personal care products, cosmetics, and agrochemicals industries. In the current study, a comprehensive qualitative and quantitative nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy analysis of a high monoester mixture of soybean oil (HMMS) was conducted using 1 H, 13 C, and 31 P NMR of 2-chloro-4,-4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaphospholane (CTDP) derivatives. The HMMS was produced by enzymatic alcoholysis of soybean oil and 1.2-propanediol in a supercritical CO 2 system. Compositional distribution analysis, quantified by aliphatic carbons with 13 C NMR, showed that HMMS is composed of more unsaturated fatty acids, comprised of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) (60 AE 1.1%) and monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) (22 AE 0.8%), than saturated fatty acids (18 AE 0.9%). The 31 P NMR quantification of HMMS demonstrated that, out of the total amount of monoacylglycerols (MAG), they are composed of 21 AE 2.9% of 2-MAG and 4 AE 0.3% of 1-MAG. Among the three techniques, 31 P NMR spectroscopy proved to be a practical methodology with high reproducibility for the precise detection and quantification of partially esterified glycerols and free fatty acids in complex lipid mixtures.Keywords 1 H NMR Á 13 C NMR Á 31 P NMR Á Enzymatic alcoholysis Á Propylene glycol monoester Á Monoacylglycerols J Am Oil Chem Soc (2020) 97: 125-133.Supporting information Additional supporting information may be found online in the Supporting Information section at the end of the article.
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