Application of Supercritical Fluid Extraction (SFE) of Tocopherols and Carotenoids (Hydrophobic Antioxidants) Compared to Non-SFE Methods

Abstract

Natural antioxidants have renewed value for human health and the food industry. Green labeling is becoming an important attribute for consumers and is impacting food processing and formulations. Clean label is another attribute that ranked third after the "free-from" claims and "a good source" of nutrient claims. Clean label attributes also are ranked higher than local, seasonal, and organic. Techniques that are able to preserve the valuable characteristics of natural antioxidants, while eliminating even trace amounts of solvent residues from their extraction and processing, are important. Supercritical fluids (SCF) are an effective green technology that can be adopted for extraction of natural antioxidants. This review is focused on the application of supercritical carbon dioxide (SCCO2) for extracting hydrophobic antioxidant compounds with an emphasis on oilseed crops and carrots. The information provided about extraction parameters helps to guide optimization of the yield of tocopherols and carotenoids. Pressure is the most effective parameter for the extraction yield of tocopherol among the other parameters, such as temperature, time, and CO2 flow rate. For carotenoid extraction, both pressure and temperature have a large impact on extraction yield. Higher yields of antioxidants, greater purity of the extracts, and larger retention of bioactivity are the main advantages of supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) in comparison to other conventional techniques. The benefits of SCF technology may open new opportunities for extracting valuable, natural and effective antioxidant compounds from food processing co-streams for use as bioactive compounds.

Antioxidant Green Factories: Toward Sustainable Production of Vitamin E in Plant In Vitro Cultures

“…There have also been studies where SFE using carbon dioxide was used to extract sunflower oil from seeds with a high percentage of tocopherols. A recent publication has reviewed the advantages of SFE of tocopherols compared with traditional methods, which is a promising read . The prospects of using the SFE-based extraction of metabolites from plant cultures are yet to be explored but could prove to be an efficient method.…”

“…A recent publication has reviewed the advantages of SFE of tocopherols compared with traditional methods, which is a promising read. 190 The prospects of using the SFE-based extraction of metabolites from plant cultures are yet to be explored but could prove to be an efficient method.…”

Free and Esterified Tocopherols, Tocotrienols and Other Extractable and Non-Extractable Tocochromanol-Related Molecules: Compendium of Knowledge, Future Perspectives and Recommendations for Chromatographic Techniques, Tools, and Approaches Used for Tocochromanol Determination

“…SFE is a modern and environmentally friendlier technique due to the use of liquid CO 2 . It was highlighted that SFE can be effective in the extraction of tocochromanols (84–100%) from oil crops [ 111 ]. However, the SFE method appears to be ineffective for the extraction of tocochromanols from cereal matrixes [ 108 ].…”

Aplicación de tecnologías emergentes para la obtención de Zinc-protoporfirina y proteínas funcionales a partir de co-productos cárnicos

“…Al ser fácilmente eliminable de la matriz, esta podría tener un nuevo uso. Aunque la aplicación de esta técnica es relativamente costosa, las numerosas ventajas que presenta compensan el mayor costo de su uso y están en línea con la demanda de tecnologías de extracción limpias y seguras (Vafaei et al, 2022).…”

“…En el momento actual, una de las técnicas empleadas para la eliminación de aromas indeseados en alimentos es el arrastre por vapor (AV). Sin embargo, una de las alternativas es la extracción mediante CO2 supercrítico (CO2-SC), una tecnología de extracción limpia y segura (Vafaei et al, 2022), que además permite realizar simultáneamente la desodorización y la separación de la grasa de la matriz tratada. Si bien la aplicación de esta técnica a una matriz alimentaria es relativamente costosa, su uso presenta numerosas ventajas (bajas temperaturas, eliminación de solventes orgánicos, ausencia de O2) que permitirían compensar el mayor coste que representa el uso de esta tecnología.…”