BackgroundNanoparticles are small-scale substances (<100 nm) with unique properties. Therefore, nanoparticles pose complex health risk implications. The objective of this study was to detect whether treatment with quercetin (Qur) and/or arginine (Arg) ameliorated nephrotoxicity induced by two different doses of nano zinc oxide (n-ZnO) particles.MethodZnO nanoparticles were administered orally in two doses (either 600 mg or 1 g/Kg body weight/day for 5 conscutive days) to Wister albino rats. In order to detect the protective effects of the studied antioxidants against n-ZnO induced nepherotoxicity, different biochemical parameters were investigated. Moreover, histopathological examination of kidney tissue was performed.ResultsNano zinc oxide-induced nephrotoxicity was confirmed by the elevation in serum inflammatory markers including: tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6); and C-reactive protein (CRP). Moreover, immunoglobulin (IGg), vascular endothelium growth factor (VEGF), and nitric oxide (NO) were significantly increased in rat serum. Serum urea and creatinine levels were also significantly increased in rats intoxicated with n-ZnO particles compared with the control group. Additionally, a significant decrease in the non-enzymatic antioxidant reduced glutathione (GSH) was shown in kidney tissues and serum glucose levels were increased. These biochemical findings were supported by a histopathological examination of kidney tissues, which showed that in the animals that received a high dose of n-ZnO, numerous kidney glomeruli underwent atrophy and fragmentation. Moreover, the renal tubules showed epithelial desquamation, degeneration and necrosis. Some renal tubules showed casts in their lumina. Severe congestion was also observed in renal interstitium. These effects were dose dependent. Cotreatment of rats with Qur and/or Arg along with n-ZnO significantly improved most of the deviated tested parameters.ConclusionsThe data show that Qur has a beneficial effect against n-ZnO oxidative stress and related vascular complications. Also, its combination with Arg proved to be even more effective in ameliorating nano zinc oxide nephrotoxicity.

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The aim of this work was to study the possible cardiotoxicity of two different doses of 50 nm nano titanium dioxide (n-TiO 2 ) and the possible modulating effects of the use of two natural antioxidants carnosine and melatonin. The results showed that TiO 2-NPs produced deleterious effects on rat cardiac tissue as confirmed by the increased levels of serum myoglobin, troponin-T and CK-MB. Increased levels of serum Inflammatory markers represented by the tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and

CAR and CyA exerted a synergistic neuroprotective effect against CHI through blocking the induction of lipid peroxidation, reducing inflammatory, and oxidative stress biomarkers, preserving brain GSH content, and reducing the alterations in brain apoptotic biomarkers in traumatized animals.

Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β1) enhances the expression of apoptosis induced by certain cytokines and oncogenes. Activation of small mother against decapentaplegic (Smads) by TGF-β results in fibrotic, apoptotic processes. PI-3/AKT focal adhesion kinase-phosphatidylinositol3-kinase (AKT), the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and signal transducer and activator of transcription-3 (STAT3) pathways are influence in COX-2 and VEGF-stimulating pathways. NF-E2-related factor-2 (Nrf2) is an essential transcription factor that regulates an array of detoxifying and antioxidant defense genes expression in the liver. The objective of this study is to examine whether silymarin alone or in combination with vitamin E and/or curcumin plays a modulatory role against MAPK, STAT3, AKT, Smad-2 and TGF-β protein expressions that produced apoptotic damage in rat's liver by the administration of carbon tetrachloride (CCl4). The results of the present work revealed that CCl4-induced an elevation of serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) with concomitant increase in MAPK, STAT3, AKT, Smad-2 and TGF-β hepatic protein expression, administration of silymarin alone down regulates these expressions. Treatment with vitamin E and/or curcumin along with silymarin produced best results in this concern. On the other hand, Nrf2 protein expression was down regulated by CCl4 whereas concurrent treatment with vitamin E and/or curcumin along with silymarin increased this expression. It was concluded that CCl4-induced protein expression of apoptotic and fibenorgenic factors. Whereas administration of silymarin alone or in combination with vitamin E and/or curcumin plays a modulatory role against the previous aforementioned apoptotic factors expressions. The use of vitamin E and/or curcumin potentiates the anti-apoptotic action of silymarin. So this combination can be used as hepatoprotective agent against other hepatotoxic substances.

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