One Health involves the multifaceted environment-animal-human web: nevertheless, the role of toxicological issues has yet to be fully explored in this context. Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) contamination of feeds is a risk for the health of several farm animals, including fishes; milk is the only food of animal origin where a significant feed-food carry over may occur. The main AFB1-related compound present in milk is the hydroxy-metabolite aflatoxin M1 (AFM1). Besides contamination of raw milk, AFM1 is of concern for the whole dairy chain; AFM1 may also contaminate the milk of several other ruminants used for milk/dairy production. In a One Health perspective, milk represents a sentinel matrix for AFB1 vulnerability of the agro-food system, that is crucial in a phase when food/nutritional security becomes a global issue and climatic changes may affect agricultural productions. In the global setting, food chain exposure to long-term toxicants, such as AFM1, is a growing concern for economically developing countries, whereas global trade and climatic change makes AFM1 an emerging hot issue in economically developed countries as well. We critically review the state of the art on AFM1 risk assessment and risk management using two scenarios as case studies: a European Union country where the health system aims at ensuring a high-level protection of food chain (Italy) and the world’s largest (and economically developing) producer of dairy products by volume (India). The case studies are used to provide building blocks for a global One Health framework.

For routine monitoring of pesticides, a multiresidue analysis through solid-phase extraction technique and using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) in cotton seed cake (CSC) has been developed. Extraction of fortified samples was carried out with aqueous acetone under vacuum. The concentrated extract was loaded onto the solid-phase extraction units, preconditioned with acetonitrile. The extraction units were then washed with hexane and finally eluted with acetonitrile. The pesticide residues were determined using a multiresidue method by reversed-phase HPLC. The average percentage recoveries were found to range between 65.47% and 110% at spiking levels of 10 to 40 mg/kg. The method developed shows a healthy rate of recovery and can successfully be utilized for the extraction and screening of neonicotinoid residues in CSC. The detection limits for imidacloprid, acetamiprid, and thiacloprid using this method were found to be 5, 10, and 20 mg/kg, respectively.

The rate of ethylene evolution, 1‐amino cyclopropane 1‐carboxlylic acid (ACC) content, ACC oxidase activity and free polyamines were monitored during fruit ripening of two guava cultivars (Psidium guajava) i.e., L‐49 (shelf life 7–8 days) and Hisar Safeda (shelf life 3–4 days). Ethylene evolution and ACC oxidase activity were substantially high at turning (T) stage and low at the later stages of fruit ripening, indicating the climacteric nature of the fruit. Contrary to this, ACC content increased progressively throughout ripening, suggesting that ACC oxidase was the rate‐limiting step in the biosynthetic pathway of ethylene. The level of putrescine, spermidine and spermine was minimum at the onset of climacteric, suggesting a competition for a common intermediate, S‐adenosylmethionine, which, at T stage, is channeled toward ethylene and at later stages, toward polyamines. Less ethylene and higher level of polyamines in L‐49 than in Hisar Safeda may be one of the reasons for the prolonged shelf life of L‐49. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS Guava (Psidium guajava L.) is an important fruit crop of India and has become very popular because it is rich in nutrient value, moderately priced and has good flavor. Guava is referred to as Poor's apple in many parts of India. Guava has a short shelf life and is most vulnerable to bruising and physical damage, which account for its greatest economical loss. This study indicated the possible interaction of polyamines and ethylene. These results showed that cv L‐49 has a longer keeping quality and a lower amount of ethylene and a higher value of polyamines. In light of these findings, one commercial possibility can be exploited that the exogenous application of polyamines, to low concentrations, can be applied to enhance the shelf life of fruits.

The oleo-gum resin of Commiphora wightii (Arn.) Bhandari, a pharmacologically important balsamiferous woody shrub, has been used in treating various ailments and disorders since ancient times (2000 B.C.) due to the presence of steroidal compound guggulsterone. Two bioactive isomers of guggulsterone, E and Z, are responsible for lipid-and cholesterollowering and anti-cancerous activities. Further, guggul has been approved as food supplement by US-FDA as well as Council of Europe. Indiscriminate harvest of C. wightii from wild with negligible conservation efforts has lead to its inclusion in IUCN assemblage of endangered plant species. For identification of high guggulsterone yielding ecotypes of C. wightii, using high-performance thin-layer chromatographic (HPTLC) analysis, stem samples were collected from 50 plants from eleven locations in arid tracts of Haryana, Gujarat and Rajasthan. Dried, powdered material was subjected to extraction with petroleum ether using soxhlet apparatus. Samples were spotted on precoated activated silica plates (60F-254) and were developed using toluene-acetone (9:1 v/v) as mobile phase. The analysis was carried out in the absorbance mode at 250 nm using HPTLC scanner. The regression analysis data for the calibration plots for E and Z guggulsterone showed good linear relationship with R 2 = 1 and 0.9897, respectively. Highest concentration of guggulsterone E (284 lg/g dry wt) was found in the accession collected from Palana, Bikaner whereas highest guggulsterone Z concentration (89.5 lg/g dry wt) was found in the accession collected from CAZRI, Jodhpur.

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Sources of supplemental minerals in the diet of animals are of important significance. Bio-availability of organic sources is believed to be more in the body as compared to regularly used inorganic sources and hence environment-friendly due to reduced mineral excretion, which in turn reduces their requirements in the diet as well. Twenty-four male Murrah buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) calves (about 18-20 months of age and 318.54 ± 8.85 kg body weight) were divided randomly into four groups of six animals each. In the control group (C, InOrg100) zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), and manganese (Mn) were supplemented through an inorganic source, while in treatment groups, organic source at the rate of 50, 75, or 100% (in groups T1 (Org50), T2 (Org75), and T3 (Org100), respectively) was fed at level as supplemented in the control group. Feeding was continued for a period of 180 days with blood sampling at day 0 followed by a regular interval of 45 days. Plasma samples were analyzed for trace elements Cu, Mn, Zn, and iron (Fe), total antioxidant status, ceruloplasmin, and superoxide dismutase (SOD) with cell-mediated and humoral immune response. Plasma levels of different trace minerals like Fe, Mn, and Cu remained unaffected with two sources and different levels of organic minerals, except the level of Zn, which showed higher (P < 0.05) levels in the group Org100 compared to others, and remained indicative of higher bio-availability through the organic source. The concentration of plasma total antioxidants indicated no adverse effect on the reduction of supplemental levels up to half of these minerals. Also, the level of plasma SOD was high (P < 0.05) at each level of the organic source as compared to the 100% level of the inorganic source. Immune response in respect of cell-mediated as well as humoral immunity did not show any reduction in different groups. The study indicated beneficial impacts of the organic source in the form of superior plasma Zn level as well as SOD concentrations. In addition, no negative effect on most of the studied parameters was observed after reducing supplemental trace minerals to half indicating higher bio-availability of organic trace minerals.

BACKGROUND: The cotton crop accounts for more than 52% of total insecticide usage in India. Neonicotinoids, being newer insecticides, have found greater use in the northern region. In this study a rapid and sensitive high-performance liquid chromatography method was developed for measuring neonicotinoid residues in cotton seed cake (CSC). The method involves the extraction of three neonicotinoids from CSC with acetonitrile/water (80 : 20 v/v), followed by liquid-liquid partitioning and column clean-up prior to injection.

BACKGROUND The purpose of this study is to compare central foveal thickness (CFT) of patients preoperatively and postoperatively cataract surgery using SD-optical coherence tomography and to correlate CFT with vision. MATERIALS AND METHODS 200 eyes of 100 patients were examined and two groups were formed. Group-A was considered as the control group in the study and eyes in group-B were operated for cataract using SICS technique. The central foveal thickness (CFT) in each group was measured using SD-OCT machine (Cirrus Zeiss) preoperatively, postoperatively on day 1, week 1 and after 1 month and the data was compiled and compared. RESULTS OCT detected increased central foveal thickness postoperatively on day 1 and weeks 2 but this returned to preoperative levels in one month. It was also seen that preoperative BCVA was poor (0.53± 0.12 Snellen approx. 6/24). Improvement in BCVA was seen in postoperative day-1, week 2 and 1 month. CONCLUSION This study shows that preoperative CFT values were minimal which increased on postoperatively but returned to preoperative values at one month after surgery BCVA was poorer preoperatively due to cataract but improved as CFT decreased with time.