INTRODUCTIONDiabetic retinopathy is a dreadful sight threatening complication. Every part of the eye is susceptible to the harmful effects of diabetes.Diabetes mellitus affects various systems of our body including the eyes, kidneys and the peripheral nerves. Retinal damage caused by changes in diabetes known as Diabetic retinopathy is an important cause of blindness and visual disability in the working age group. The number of people with retinopathy increases as the diabetic population as well as diabetic age increases. Small blood vessels and the capillaries of retina are damaged which results in weakening of the vessel wall and subsequent leakage of the blood elements, proteins and lipids. This results in the fundus picture of micro aneurysms, haemorrhages and exudates. At later stages the retina which is deprived of oxygen produces chemicals like vasoformative growth factors resulting in proliferation of abnormal new blood vessels into the vitreous which bleed into the vitreous with devastating ABSTRACT Background: The objective of this study is to evaluate epidemiological risk factors for development of diabetic retinopathy. Methods: The cases of type-2 diabetes mellitus attending Melaka Manipal medical college, Malaysia were retrospectively reviewed. The epidemiological characteristics of diabetic retinopathy were estimated. The cases were graded according to degree of retinopathy in to: non-diabetic retinopathy group and diabetic retinopathy. Clinical and biochemical studies were used for studying the risk factors associated with development of retinopathy. Results: The prevalence of diabetic retinopathy in the population was 21% in known diabetic subjects and was significantly higher in men than in women (21.3% vs. 14.6%) with increasing age and duration of diabetes. Ethnicity is a complex, independent risk factor for diabetic retinopathy. Sight threatening diabetic retinopathy, and clinically significant macular edema was higher in people of Malaysia (20%) when compared with Chinese (16%) and Indonesians (12%). In all, 55 percent of patients with known diabetes mellitus had never undergone an eye examination. Among patients who had undergone eye examinations, 32.8 percent had the last examination within the last one year, 49.8 percent within the last one to two years, and 17.4 percent more than two years ago. Conclusion: Diabetic retinopathy is highly prevalent in the patients with type-2 diabetes mellitus in Malaysia. Besides blood glucose, many factors are associated with the present and development of diabetic retinopathy.
Background: The objective of this study was to evaluate the prescription pattern of drugs in pregnancy induced hypertension in a tertiary care hospital. Methods: A retrospective observational study was conducted by department of Pharmacology in collaboration with the Department of Obstetrics in Kamineni Institute of Medical Sciences, Narketpally after taking permission from the Institutional Review Board. WHO basic indicators were indicators were used for studying the prescribing pattern of drugs. Results: Out of the total prescriptions studied the most commonly prescribed antihypertensive was Methyldopa, followed by Nifedipine. Amlodipine, Atenolol and Magnesium sulphate were the other drugs prescribed. Majority drugs prescribed were from category B and C. Single drug therapy was prescribed in 46.94% patients. The use of fixed dose combinations was low. Conclusion: The incidence of single drugs therapy and two drugs was high. Irrational prescriptions were few. The present pattern of prescriptions can be improved by advocating rational drug prescription and awareness regarding safe use of drugs to the obstetricians.
Background: Calcium channel blockers block voltage dependent L-type of calcium channel and thus reduce the frequency of opening of these channels in response to depolarization. The result is a marked decrease in transmembrane calcium current associated with long lasting relaxation of vascular smooth muscle, reduction in contractility in cardiac muscle, decrease in pacemaker activity in the SA node and decrease in conduction velocity in the AV node. Among Calcium channel blockers verapamil, is cardio selective, nifedipine is vascular smooth muscle selective, while diltiazem exhibits intermediate selectivity. Methods: In the present study, the effect of two Ca ++ channel blocker, Verapamil and Diltiazem were compared on the isolated frog heart by using adrenaline & calcium chloride as standard on frog heart contractility. Results and conclusion: Adrenaline and calcium chloride increased the amplitude of contraction of isolated perfused frog heart. The L-type of Ca 2+ channel blockers verapamil and diltiazem produced dose dependent (2µg, 4µg, 8µg, and 16µg) reduction in the amplitude of contraction produced by calcium chloride in isolated perfused frog heart. There was no statistical significant difference (p > 0.05) between the inhibitory effect of diltiazem and verapamil on calcium chloride induced contraction of isolated frog heart.
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