Diabetic eye screening in multi ethnic population of Malaysia: epidemiological risk factors for development of diabetic retinopathy

Abstract

INTRODUCTIONDiabetic retinopathy is a dreadful sight threatening complication. Every part of the eye is susceptible to the harmful effects of diabetes.Diabetes mellitus affects various systems of our body including the eyes, kidneys and the peripheral nerves. Retinal damage caused by changes in diabetes known as Diabetic retinopathy is an important cause of blindness and visual disability in the working age group. The number of people with retinopathy increases as the diabetic population as well as diabetic age increases. Small blood vessels and the capillaries of retina are damaged which results in weakening of the vessel wall and subsequent leakage of the blood elements, proteins and lipids. This results in the fundus picture of micro aneurysms, haemorrhages and exudates. At later stages the retina which is deprived of oxygen produces chemicals like vasoformative growth factors resulting in proliferation of abnormal new blood vessels into the vitreous which bleed into the vitreous with devastating ABSTRACT Background: The objective of this study is to evaluate epidemiological risk factors for development of diabetic retinopathy. Methods: The cases of type-2 diabetes mellitus attending Melaka Manipal medical college, Malaysia were retrospectively reviewed. The epidemiological characteristics of diabetic retinopathy were estimated. The cases were graded according to degree of retinopathy in to: non-diabetic retinopathy group and diabetic retinopathy. Clinical and biochemical studies were used for studying the risk factors associated with development of retinopathy. Results: The prevalence of diabetic retinopathy in the population was 21% in known diabetic subjects and was significantly higher in men than in women (21.3% vs. 14.6%) with increasing age and duration of diabetes. Ethnicity is a complex, independent risk factor for diabetic retinopathy. Sight threatening diabetic retinopathy, and clinically significant macular edema was higher in people of Malaysia (20%) when compared with Chinese (16%) and Indonesians (12%). In all, 55 percent of patients with known diabetes mellitus had never undergone an eye examination. Among patients who had undergone eye examinations, 32.8 percent had the last examination within the last one year, 49.8 percent within the last one to two years, and 17.4 percent more than two years ago. Conclusion: Diabetic retinopathy is highly prevalent in the patients with type-2 diabetes mellitus in Malaysia. Besides blood glucose, many factors are associated with the present and development of diabetic retinopathy.

Prediction of Diabetic Retinopathy Among Type Ii Diabetic Patients Using Data Mining Techniques

“…From the Logistic Regression equation, the odds of having diabetic retinopathy increased by 16.8% every year. This finding is consistent with the result of local study in which the patients with longer duration of DM had a higher risk of developing DR (Abougalambou & Abougalambou, 2015;Mallika et al, 2011;Mohd Ali et al, 2016;Naveen et al, 2014). The duration of diabetes seemed to be the strongest factor associated with the occurrence of retinopathy, as supported by several studies (Cardoso, Leite, Dib, & Salles, 2017;Casanova et al, 2014;Karadeniz & Yilmaz, 2007;Kim et al, 2018;Maria et al, 2003;Tsao et al, 2018).…”

The Association of Awareness and Knowledge of Diabetic Retinopathy with Age and Residential Area In Selangor

“…From those who presented with retinopathies, 21% aged of 40 years and above (Naveen et al, 2014). Data from diabetic eye registry in Malaysia showed that the prevalence of diabetic retinopathy was 36.8% and 14.7% of the patients had sight-threatening diabetic retinopathy (Goh et al, 2010;Squirrell & Talbot, 2003).…”