This study compared the cognitive processing of 12 anglophone second‐year French undergraduate students who were prompted to write an argumentative text in both L1 (English) and L2 (French). The students' speaking aloud protocols and textual drafts provided the basis of collected data. In the first part of the study, the writers' planning, evaluation, and revision strategies were (a) analyzed in terms of the pragmatic., textual, and linguistic manifestations of these processes and (b) compared for differences in processing behaviors between their L1 and L2 writing. In the second part, we measured linguistic processing occurrences to analyze their effect on more global processing behaviors at the pragmatic and textual levels. The linguistic constraints imposed by the writers' knowledge of the second language (French) point toward some significant differences in discourse level processing between L1 and L2 writing behaviors. However, the results reveal that the state of the writers' strategic knowledge and capacity for meaningful multiple‐level discourse processing explains the constraining effects of linguistic processing on L2 written discourse production.
Throughout history, interpreters have suffered from the suspicion attached to their perceived multiple cultural belongings (Kaufman): how could they possibly be faithful to their cultural group and serve their master dutifully when they are demonstrating their belonging to another culture (i.e. in translating into the language of that other culture)? Paradoxically, the knowledge of several languages may have been prestigious, but only if put to the benefit of oneself and not of others. Thus, it is the position of intermediary (and not the knowledge of different languages) that is the essential cause of this mistrust.Considering our necessarily limited knowledge of foreign languages and the multiplication of contacts between cultures, interpreters have always been necessary; and despite the "international" status that one or two languages may enjoy or develop, this need is not likely to disappear. Unfortunately, the uneasiness towards interpreters remains; one way to dispel the suspicion brought by their intermediary position is for interpreters to "disappear". To make sure that they do not "betray their masters", interpreters have been instructed to become "invisible". To see, or check, how this is done, many interpreting studies have focused on the message transmitted by interpreters, i.e. what and how interpreters translate, what they add or delete and how.When speaking with interpreters, it is amazing to hear how a number of them in the same breath proclaim their allegiance to "invisibility" (as they have been duly instructed) and describe various ways in which they are visible in their professional practice. In academia, the progressive abandon of Shannon and Weaver's mathematical sender-receiver model in favour of socio-cultural models of communication has finally brought researchers' attention to the interpreter as a "complete human being" (i.e. a rational and emotional being with his/her specific socio-cultural background and living and interacting in a specific society). A number of studies have followed that have dispelled the myth of interpreters' invisibility (Angelelli (b); Bolden; Metzger; Roy; Wadensjö). Not
Résumé
Les analyses sur les processus de traduction se situent dans un ensemble de recherches descriptives, expérimentales et théoriques qu'il convient d'examiner dans une perspective historique et critique. Cet éclairage épistémologique permet de mieux saisir la contribution de ces études et, en particulier, de l'analyse des processus, à la construction des modèles théoriques et explicatifs en traductologie. La présentation d'un exemple précis, extrait d'un protocole de verbalisation, offre aussi l'occasion de discuter des principaux problèmes qu'affrontent les traductologues dans leur tentative d'expliquer scientifiquement un phénomène aussi important que celui de la compréhension en traduction.
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