Stevia is a plant containing many active compounds, but usually propagated by stem cuttings because of low seed-yield-germination ability. The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of plant-growth regulators on stevia callus induction and growth from somatic tissue, as well as to determine the effect α-naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) and proline (PRO) on the amount of stevioside, rebaudioside A, phenols, flavonoids, and antioxidant activity. Stem and leaf segments were inoculated on a Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with different concentrations of NAA and 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP) for callus genesis. The amount of steviol glycosides (SGs) was evaluated using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and the amounts of total phenols, flavonoids, and antioxidant activity by spectrophotometric methods. The highest callus-induction frequency and callus-mass increase were obtained from the leaf explants in MS medium supplemented with 2.0 μM NAA. The highest amount of SGs, phenols, and flavonoids, and stronger antioxidant activity were determined in the cellular compounds of callus from leaf explant. PRO reduced the amount of SGs and flavonoids. The significantly highest amount of total phenolic compounds was obtained in the callus from leaf explants in the medium supplemented with 2.0 µM NAA and 2.0 µM PRO.
The current paper discusses the characteristics of principal growth stages of hemp (Canabis sativa), provides a brief description of these stages and of the coding system according to the BBCH scale. The growing season of hemp is divided into nine principal growth stages: germination and sprouting (0), leaf development (1), formation of lateral shoots (2), stem elongation (3), inflorescence emergence (5), flowering (6), development of fruit (7), ripening of fruit (8) and senescence (9). The principal growth stages are subdivided into secondary stages based on their main distinctive features. The classification system of hemp growth stages presented in the paper is designed for hemp growers and researchers, including plant breeders, physiologists, entomologists and other agricultural producers. Using the uniform coding system of the phenological stages of hemp is a valuable tool to ensure a more efficient planning and implementation of crop and soil management practices and techniques.
A new yellow-seeded canola genotype originating from double low black-seeded Brassica napus cultivars. Can. J. Plant Sci. 85: 109-114. A new source of yellow-seeded Brassica napus canola has been identified in doubled haploid progeny, from a cross between the two black-seeded spring cultivars, Star and Bolero. Six yellow-seeded doubled haploid lines were extracted from the F 1 generation of this cross. The yellow-seeded doubled haploid lines and some of their progeny showed differences in yellow seed colour expression in different temperature environments, among the 11 lines investigated. Similar populations of plants grown in daily maximum temperatures of 20, 28 and over 30°C showed increasing seed yellowness in the hot temperature and were darker in colour in the cool environments. Oil quality and fatty acid profiles were compared between yellow and dark seeded pairs. Although percent oil showed no overall trend in direction of change, oleic acid increased on average by 10%, while linolenic acid decreased by 5% under warmer growing conditions. Glucosinolate levels were stable between the yellow-seeded and dark-seeded pairs grown in either hot or cool temperatures. The yellow-seeded inbreds retained canola quality. Preliminary inheritance ratios suggest that this trait might be governed by fewer than three genes, and PCR analysis indicates that different genes may be involved here than those for the yellow-seeded genotypes previously published, which were derived from interspecific crosses. Six lignées haploÏdes doubles à graines jaunes sont issues de la F 1 de ce croisement. Les onze lignées examinées et leur descendance présentent des variations dans l'expression de la couleur jaune, selon la température. Des peuplements similaires, cultivés à une température quotidienne maximale de 20, de 28 ou de 30°C montrent que la couleur pâlit quand il fait chaud et fonce par temps frais. Les auteurs ont comparé la qualité et la composition en acides gras de l'huile extraite de paires à graines jaunes ou noires. Bien que la proportion d'huile ne présente aucune tendance générale au niveau de la variation, aux températures plus chaudes, la teneur en acide oléique augmente d'en moyenne 10 % alors que celle d'acide linolénique diminue de 5 %. La concentration de glucosinolates des paires à graines jaunes et noires demeure stable, peu importe la température. Les lignées autofécondées à graines jaunes donnent une huile de qualité canola. Les ratios préliminaires d'héri-tabilité laissent croire que ce caractère pourrait être régi par moins de trois gènes et l'analyse par PCR révèle que d'autres gènes que ceux des génotypes à graines jaunes issus des croisements interspécifiques pourraient intervenir dans le cas présent.
The effect of genotype, growth regulators and preconditioning of donor plants on callus induction in anther culture of flax was investigated. Anthers were cultured on modified MS medium supplemented with five different combinations of plant growth regulators. The results suggested that specific combinations of growth regulators must be designed for each genotype. Major differences between the present results and previous reports are discussed. The influence of sucrose concentration was also investigated. For flax cultivar, 'Mikael', callus induction was higher in medium supplemented with 1 mg l(-1) BAP and 2 mg l(-1) 2,4D containing 6% sucrose, while this combination of growth regulators significantly increased callogenesis in cultivars 'Lirina', 'Barbara' and 'Szaphir' when supplemented with 9% or 12% sucrose. The preconditioning of donor plants influenced callogenesis in subsequently isolated anthers. Anthers from donor plants grown at a lower temperature (18/14 degrees C) significantly increased callus induction over those from plants grown at a higher temperature (22/18 degrees C), although each genotype still required optimization of growth regulator combinations in the induction medium. Only 'Mikael' regenerated shoots when the callus was from induction medium supplemented with 2 mg I(-1) BAP and 1 mg l(-1) NAA.
The effect of culture media, explants and genotypes on adventitious shoot regeneration in spring rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) was examined. Hypocotyls and cotyledons of the doubled haploid lines NL-611, NL-662, NL-685 were induced to form callus by culturing on the Murashi geSkoog medium supplemented with different concentrations of 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP) and α-naphtylacetic acid (NAA) or zeatin and 2,4-dichlorphenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D). Adventitious buds were regenerated from the organogenic callus on the same medium. A large variation of shoot regenerability was observed, ranging within 0-37.5% for the frequency of bud formation and within 0-3.8 for the number of buds per explant. Generally, cotyledon-derived callus exhibited a higher bud regeneration frequency than hypocotyls, however, hypocotyl-derived callus developed a higher number of buds per explant. The maximum number of adventitious buds from hypocotyl-derived callus was obtained on a medium supplemented with 4.0 mg l -1 BAP and 0.05 mg l -1 NAA. Regenerated shoots were rooted in MS medium containing 0.1 mg l -1 NAA. Well rooted plantlets were acclimatized and subsequently established in soil.
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