The article highlights current issues and problems of economic recovery in the post-conflict period. The concept of "post-war recovery" is generalized, the causes and consequences of armed conflicts are structured. The economic consequences of armed conflicts in different countries can differ significantly. This is explained by different initial economic conditions, the nature of the conflict, its intensity and duration. It also depends on the international response to the conflict in terms of financial flows and trade policy. Armed conflicts lead not only to the cancellation of "normal" development, but also to a radically new path of development for post-conflict countries. As a result of the full-scale invasion, the Ukrainian economy suffered significant losses and decreased by almost a third. Due to the war, domestic demand decreased, there was a disruption in logistics and a loss of labor and production potential. The military conflict led to the emergence of new problems and challenges that the country had not faced before: resettlement of citizens from temporarily occupied territories, reorientation of export-import activities, damage to infrastructure, etc. In the article, special attention is paid to the study of macroeconomic instability based on the analysis of key problems that arose on the territory of the country as a result of the war. The impact of the war on economic indicators, namely: the change in GDP, the inflation rate, the unemployment rate, and the consumer price index, is studied. It is well-founded that a successful economic recovery cannot simply be a return to the pre-war level of income and development. Economic recovery should essentially be transformative, requiring systemic reforms: economic, institutional, legal and political. As historical experience shows, the affected countries remain vulnerable to a recurrence of the conflict. Therefore, post-conflict economic recovery must be flexible and adaptive to reduce the risk of a return to violence. This requires a clear understanding of the factors and consequences of the conflict.
The volatility of external and internal factors affecting the real estate market makes it necessary to study trends and predict the consequences of management decisions to prevent financial losses. The real estate market is a sphere of capital investment in real estate and a system of economic relations arising from real estate transactions. These relations arise when buying and selling real estate, leasing real estate, etc. Depending on the legal framework, external and internal financing conditions, and forms of property ownership, the real estate market is constantly changing and unique to each country, region, and city. To accurately evaluate real estate, it is necessary to monitor in detail all the changes taking place in the market. This article analyzes the factors that influence the formation of supply and demand in the real estate market. Economic factors have the greatest impact, namely: the level and dynamics of population income; differentiation of the population by income level; level of business development and its dynamics; changes in the structure of the business and its profitability; availability of financial resources; the state of alternative and related markets; prices in the real estate market; rental rates; risks of an investment in real estate; construction costs; prices and tariffs for utilities and energy resources. Social factors, such as population dynamics and age structure, the social structure of the population, crime rate and trends in crime, also significantly impact real estate market trends. The interaction of these factors ultimately determines the state and dynamics of supply and demand in the real estate market. At the same time, the direction of their influence may either coincide or differ for supply and demand. This can be better understood by identifying trends in supply and demand and their dependence on these factors. The article examines the history of price dynamics and systematizes the stages of the formation and development of the real estate market in Ukraine. The state of the real estate market during the crisis periods is analyzed and a forecast for the next year is made. Keywords: real estate market, real estate market dynamics, demand, offer, investment potential.
The article highlights the current issues of planning and budget development during the war, the functioning of state finances, the components of the military economy as a multi-sectoral complex, and the mechanisms of financing the military economy in modern conditions. The main modern trends in the sphere of public finances of Ukraine are considered. A comparison is made with the world experience of the functioning of military state finances. The financial consequences in the countries affected by the war are analyzed. Military finance is a special part of state finances, the main link of which is the military budget. The military budget is part of the State budget of the country. The article examines the world experience of the budgetary process during the war. The structure of military finances and its main elements are analyzed: the military budget, sources of income generation and spending, military borrowing, military purchases, finances of interstate military groups, foreign military aid, military defense orders, military levies, and others. The classification of military costs, which are divided into direct, indirect and hidden, is generalized. In turn, direct military expenses are divided into current and capital expenses. The article emphasizes that there are three main sources of funding for military spending: printing money, increasing taxes, and borrowing. The advantages and disadvantages of each of these sources of financing are analyzed. Analysis of the functioning of military finances in the leading countries of the world during the wars of the 20th century revealed the main trends. Most countries increased the tax rates of individuals, did not use the provision of state grants to support small businesses, tried to keep the share of monetary emission among sources of financing no more than 20%, used internal state borrowing to attract funds. Military bonds are considered as a kind of investment tool to support the state budget. Military bonds are separate issues of domestic state loan bonds from the Ministry of Finance of Ukraine during martial law. The conditions for issuing state military bonds are summarized.
Abstract. The problem of professional flexibility of the prospective PE teachers is a new phenomenon in the national pedagogical science. The given materials are peculiar because the author explores the andragogic approach from the historical-practical perspective.In this monograph the phenomena of professional flexibility formation during the process of Physical Education prompted the author to make scientific correlations between the historical background of flexibility and the modern international practice. Perhaps for the first time the attention of sporting community was diverted to the system of professional flexibility formation among the prospective PE teachers with regards to the needs of the national school. As the result of author's historical-pedagogical analysis, the scientific content was enriched with a considerable number of scattered scientific views regarding the examined phenomenon in the Physical Education. Those views are of arguable nature and that is why they almost fall out of the limits of the contemporary process of professional flexibility formation among the prospective PE teachers in the HEE environment.
The cyclic nature of development is intrinsic to socio-economic systems. Despite the fact that none of the economic cycles is identical to another one, they all have the same stages. The city is a complex multifunctional system. The economy of the city can be viewed as a set of entities belonging to different areas and activities remaining in different stages of the life cycle. The life cycle of the city is a succession of stages of emergence, growth, maturity, and decline. This continuity is the result of the cyclic development of a territory’s functional specialization. The duration and depth of the fluctuations at each stage of the cycle are determined by the influence of external and internal factors as well as the effectiveness of urban management. Therefore, the cyclic development for different territories can have its own specific trajectory. If the urban economy is flexible and adapts quickly to changes in the external and internal environment, the trajectory will be characterized by intermittent cycles. The more pronounced the change of the city development stages is, the more efforts should be made by the city managers in order to diversify the city’s functional structure and create alternative areas of labor application. The paper summarizes the concept of the ‘life cycle of the city’. It also considers the features of each stage of the city life cycle. The studies of the life cycle carried out by leading scientists and practitioners are analyzed. The methodology of assessing the stages of the life cycle and the prospects of urban development is proposed and justified. In the course of the research, the developments of domestic and foreign scientists were systematized and the limit values of indicators-identifiers of the stage of the territory life cycle were offered. Determining the stage of the city life cycle is an important tool assessing the prospects for the development of the urban territory and helping to make effective management decisions and prioritize strategic programs. The methodology of determining the stage of the economic cycle involves identifying points of growth that contribute to the transition from a state of depression or crisis to the phase of development (revitalization). This involves the search for objectively existing or potentially possible factors, prerequisites, resources that will provide an impetus to the advance of the urban economy. Such points of growth can be found in the city-forming sphere (new technologies at enterprises, new competitive types of products), resource factors (natural resources, transport infrastructure, medical, tourist, and other factors), scientific, educational, cultural, and other areas.
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