European whitefish are widely used for artificial reproduction in aquaculture. Relevant is the search for alternative solutions for protein supplements in the composition of animal feed for its cultivation. A promising source of valu-able protein is fish waste from canning industries. In the Kaliningrad region, 80% of Russian canned food "Sprats in oil" is produced. The daily amount of sprat waste is 2-10 tons. The use of protein products of hydrolysis of smoked sprat heads instead of a part of fishmeal in compound feeds for whitefish juveniles was studied in this work. Hy-drolysis was carried out by a high-temperature method in an aqueous medium to obtain two types of protein sup-plements. In the first experiments, a 5% low molecular weight peptide supplement with a protein content of 82.7% was introduced into the model feed instead of the corresponding amount of fishmeal. In the second series of exper-iments, a 10% protein-mineral supplement was introduced with a protein content of 54.5% and mineral substances of 24.0%. The experiments were carried out in a closed aquaculture system based on AtlantNIRO. After 56 days of feeding, the fish breeding, morphobiological and organosomatic parameters of the fish were comparatively studied. . The promising potential of additives as feed components has been established. The introduction of a 5% peptide additive led to an increase in the fry survival rate. The use of a 10% protein-mineral supplement resulted in higher growth rates and lower feed ratios. In both experiments, there was no negative effect on the growth and morpho-physiology of the studied fish. For more reliable results, further study of alternative amounts of inclusion of these additives in the feed is required.
Показана тенденция развития в России индустриальной аквакультуры лососевых, и обсуждены проблемы кормопроизводства. Обоснована рациональность использования в составе комбикормов продуктов гидролиза шпротных отходов – голов копченой кильки. Рассмотрен процесс получения пептидно-протеиновой и белково-жиро-протеиновой кормовых добавок в результате высокотемпературной обработки шпротных отходов под давлением в гидрореакторе. Изучен химический состав обезвоженных кормовых добавок и получаемых с их применением комбикормов. Сублимированная пептидно-протеиновая добавка содержит 82,7 % водорастворимого низкомолекулярного белка, незначительные примеси жира (8,6 %) и минеральных веществ (2,0 %). Конвекционно высушенная белково-жиро-минеральная добавка содержит 60,9 % водонерастворимого высокомолекулярного белка, 20,1 % минеральных веществ (кальция и фосфора) и 11,0 % жира. Проведены эксперименты по использованию полученных добавок в составе комбикормов для мальков европейского сига Coregonus Lavaretus в индустриальной аквакультуре в качестве источника протеиновых, жировых и минеральных компонентов. Изготовление контрольных комбикормов проведено на основе кормовой рыбной муки по рецептуре ФАО для лососевых. Получение экспериментальных комбикормов проведено путем введения в базовые рецептуры со-ответственно 5 и 10 % протеиновой и белково-жиро-минеральной добавок, полу-ченных на основе гидролизатов шпротных отходов. Изучена питательная цен-ность изготовленных кормовых добавок и комбикормов по аминокислотному со-ставу протеинов и жирнокислотному составу липидов. Показано повышенное со-держание ненасыщенных и полиненасыщенных жирных кислот, незаменимых аминокислот в кормовых добавках и экспериментальных кормах относительно контрольных. Проведены сравнительные эксперименты по выращиванию мальков сиговых в течение 56 сут с применением экспериментальных кормов в УЗВ-установке с шестью аквариумами. Получены положительные результаты по фи-зиологическим и ростовым показателям в экспериментальных группах мальков относительно контрольных. В экспериментальных группах сиговых были более высокие показатели прироста массы тела, выживаемости, удельной скорости ро-ста при снижении кормового коэффициента. Сделан вывод о рациональности по-лучения гидролизатов шпротных отходов и их применения в качестве кормовых добавок в составе комбикормов для лососевых. Целесообразно продолжить био-логические эксперименты при дальнейшем росте дозировок данных добавок и проведении соответствующих морфобиологических и гематологических исследо-ваний.
Many fish waste remaining during the cutting of fish (heads, entrails, bones) contain an increased amount of fat, which has a high biological value. Obtaining edible fat from them is not always possible due to safety requirements, and the production of feed fishmeal with standard quality indicators is difficult. The increased fat content of raw materials and the technology parameters contribute to the rapid rancidity of fat in flour and the formation of toxic substances. This raw material can be used to obtain fish oil with subsequent recommendations for use, taking into account the indicators of oxidative and hydrolytic spoilage and in accordance with the requirements of the standards. When the content of undesirable products is exceeded, it can be used for technical purposes or in industrial biotechnology, as a substrate for microbial synthesis of biodegradable biopolymers such as polyhydroxyalkanoates. In this paper, a thermal method for separating fat from the heads of mackerel and hot-smoked sprats, as waste products from fish canning enterprises in the Kaliningrad region, was studied. A high fat content in raw materials (respectively 24.9 and 20.3%) and its characteristics were established. The rational parameters of the hydromodulus (1:0.5 and 1:1.0) were determined during thermolysis of crushed sprat and mackerel raw materials, respectively, at a stirrer rotation speed in the thermoreactor of 15 rpm. Rational ranges of temperature and duration of thermal release of fat were determined in experiments using mathematical planning. The optimization parameters were the yield of fat, its acid and peroxide numbers. The maximum yield of fat from fish heads is achieved at a temperature of 73-94°C for 2 hours 15 minutes - 2 hours 45 minutes. However, at the same time, fat has increased values of acid and peroxide numbers. Obtaining high-quality fat with food indicators is recommended at a temperature of 68 - 83 ° C for 43 min. – 1 h 22 minutes.
The development of specialized sports nutrition with components of collagen-containing fish raw materials is due to the shortage of domestic products of this group, the problem of fish waste processing, scientific data on bioactive peptides of marine origin. Low-molecular active peptides and protein-mineral compositions in the form of powder and liquid dietary supplements were obtained from the scales of sardine and sardinella by methods of deep hydrolysis. During the hydrolysis of raw materials, fermentolysis was carried out with the Alcalase 2.5L enzyme, thermohydrolysis - at temperatures of 130-140 °C. The chemical composition of the scales of two fish species, the products of its hydrolysis, and the amino acid composition of its proteins have been studied. The amount of low-molecular-weight peptides in hydrolysates of sardine scales was investigated by various methods of hydrolysis. Rational methods of hydrolysis of scales - enzymatic and enzymatic-thermal - have been substantiated. They make it possible to obtain protein supplements with protein content of 83.9-85.2 % with a proportion of active peptides with a molecular weight of less than 10 kDa 91.7-98.1 %. A technology for obtaining protein supplements from fish scales has been developed, and their amino acid composition has been studied. The presence of irreplaceable and ergogenic amino acids, accompanying nitrogenous compounds, valuable in sports nutrition, was shown in the peptide supplement. An increased content of calcium, phosphorus and magnesium in the protein-mineral dietary supplement being important for the musculoskeletal tissues of an athlete has been established. On the basis of protein supplements in dry and liquid forms with the addition of beekeeping products, the technology of chewing marmalade for sports nutrition has been developed. Bioproduct "Apikolltonus" belongs to the class of gainers with a protein content of 20.5 %, a carbohydrate of 41.6 % with an amino acid value of BCAA (isoleucine : leucine : valine) 2 : 1 : 1.5. A multicomponent bar for sports nutrition has been developed using protein hydrolysates of scales, flaxseed and apple cakes, and pine nuts. The bar is functional in terms of the content of calcium and phosphorus, dietary fiber, flavonoids, and vitamin E. Recommendations for the use of new sports nutrition products are substantiated.
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