The phenomenon of economic crisis, of course, is unpleasant and has a destructive effect on the economic and social life of society. The article describes the causes and consequences of the major crises of the world economy of the XIX–XXI centuries. Among the most common causes of economic downturns is the excess of investment or consumption in one or more sectors of the economy. At the same time, the consequences of these economic downturns were the advanced development of industry and a new round of machine invention in the XIX century, the failure of the gold and currency standard in the XX century and the reorientation of financial flows from speculative assets to others, including raw materials and energy in the nineteenth century. The new global crisis unfolds new challenges for the world community and the search for new ways out of it. The current pandemic has been marked by a particularly rapid and large-scale decline in demand and oil prices as a result of the sudden cessation of economic activity. Demand and prices for other goods show a smaller decline, as they are less affected by quarantine measures. However, as the pandemic continues and the economic downturn deepens, it is also possible to reduce demand and prices for metals. The impact of the 2020 economic downturn on the economy may persist for a long time. The deepening crisis may reduce the demand for industrial goods. The global financial crisis of 2020, caused by the outbreak of influenza COVID-19 may lead to long-term changes in global commodity markets. Increased transportation costs. Opportunities for the national producer. Growth of substitution among goods. Changing consumer behavior. After, a large number of workers can continue to work remotely, which can reduce transportation costs and demand for fuel. Businesses can cut back on travel abroad and use video conferencing and other remote alternatives. As a result, environmental pollution will be reduce. Further changes in society's behavior may lead to a shift in the structure of demand for goods. Increasing teleworking can reduce the demand for travel and oil. Reducing oil consumption will also provide environmental benefits.
Winter wheat protection technology is aimed at preventing the mass spread of harmful biota and the possibility of its rapid restriction. Therewith, the main choice of pesticides and their timely use is precisely at the period when harmful organisms are in a sensitive stage to protective products, and plants are in the phase of forming and laying productivity elements. The purpose of the study is to examine the effectiveness of the proposed compositions of chemical preparations against harmful biota in improving the technology of winter wheat protection. When monitoring harmful organisms, generally accepted methods in phytopathology (Strakhov and Geschele scales), entomology (butterfly net, accounting site methods), and herbology (quantitative-weight) were used. The results of the study obtained during a production experiment to examine the effectiveness of product mixtures for a comprehensive system of protection of winter wheat crops are presented. Changes in the species and quantitative composition of winter wheat weed Synusia depending on the protection technology are established. The total number of weeds in the areas where the protection system was used decreased by 61.2 pcs./m2 compared to the control option. Changes in the number of pests are presented (a decrease in the Hessian fly by 26 specimens/100 w.s. (wheat stem), Swedish fly – 31 specimens/100 w.s., grass aphids – 20 specimens per stem, Haplothrips tritici – 34 specimens/100 w.s., bread carabus – 6 beetles/m2 ) when spraying winter wheat in the phases of exit into the tube and milk ripeness with insecticides Aktara 25 WG, 0.10 kg/ha + Karate seon 050 CS, 0.2 L/ha. The technical effectiveness of insecticides against pests was 73.8-89.5%, depending on the insect. It is proved that reliable protection against dominant diseases in the farm is achieved by using a combination of fungicides Alto Super 330 EC, 0.5 L/ha and Topsin M, WP, 1.0 kg/ha in the phase of entering the tube and Amistar extra 280 SC, 0.5 L/ha + Rex Duo, SC, 0.4 L/ha in the earing phase–beginning of flowering. The technical effectiveness of double spraying with recommended anti-disease products ranged from 77.1% to 86.8%. The proposed technology for protecting winter wheat from harmful organisms is effective, has passed production testing, and can be implemented in farms of all forms of ownership
Формування підприємницької культури в Україні є надзвичайно важливим елементом для країн, економіка яких знаходиться на етапі розвитку та трансформації. Стартап екосистема є однією з визначальних складових цього складного процесу. Зміни які відбулися за останнє століття підтверджують факт зміни парадигми підприємництва, якщо раніше великі підприємці були власниками підприємств з металургійної, нафтової, автомобільної, залізничної промисловості, то зараз це сфера інформації, комунікації, гаджетів та комп’ютерних розваг. Протягом останнього десятиліття більша частина зростання робочої сили було саме завдяки успішній реалізації стартап проектів. Мета статті – виявити особливості стартап екосистеми в Україні, адже коли народжується креативна ідея на вже сформований запит суспільства існує велика ймовірність успішного запуску спатрап проекту, тому потребують дослідження інші критерії, що забезпечать реалізацію та становлення цих ідей.
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