Ìåòà. Âèâ÷èòè åôåêòèâí³ñòü ñóì³ñíîãî çàñòîñóâàííÿ ³íñåêòè-öèä³â òà êîìïëåêñíèõ äîáðèâ äëÿ çàõèñòó ñìîðîäèíè ÷îðíî¿ â³ä ñèñíèõ ô³òîôàã³â òà âèçíà÷èòè ¿õíþ ÷èñåëüí³ñòü. Ìåòîäè. Ëàáîðàòîðíî-ïîëüîâ³. Çàñåëåí³ñòü ðîñëèí ñìîðîäèíè ÷îðíî¿ ñèñíèìè øê³äíèêàìè âèçíà÷àëè çà 9-áàëîâîþ øêàëîþ â óìîâàõ äîñë³äíîãî ïîëÿ AEèòîìèðñüêîãî íàö³îíàëüíîãî àãðîåêîëîã³÷íîãî óí³âåðñèòåòó. Ðåçóëüòàòè. Âèÿâëåíî, ùî çàñòîñóâàííÿ êîìïëåêñíèõ äîáðèâ Êðèñòàëîí ³ Ìî÷åâèí Ê òà ³íñåêòèöèäó Á³-58 Íîâèé çà ôåíîôàçàìè ðîçâèòêó ñìîðîäèíè ÷îðíî¿ ñïðèÿº çìåíøåííþ ê³ëüêîñò³ øê³äíèê³â íà êóù³. Íàéâèùó åôåê-òèâí³ñòü îäåðaeàëè ïðè ñóì³ñíîìó çàñòîñóâàíí³ äîáðèâ òà ³íñåêòèöèäó, äå ê³ëüê³ñòü âåëèêî¿ ñìîðî-äèíîâî¿ ïîïåëèö³ çìåíøèëàñÿ â³ä 2 êîëîí³é äî 6 åêç./êóù, à çâè÷àéíîãî ïàâóòèííîãî êë³ùà -â³ä 65 åêç. äî 3 åêç. íà êóù. Çàñòîñóâàííÿ òàêîãî ìåòîäó ïîçèòèâíî âïëèíóëî íà åëåìåíòè ñòðóêòóðè óðîaeàþ: ìàñà âåëèêèõ ÿã³ä ñòàíîâèëà 2,2-3,1 ã, ìàñà 100 ÿã³ä -200-270 ã, ìàñà ÿã³ä ç êóùà -1,845-2,498 êã. Ïîêðàùåííÿ åëåìåíò³â ñòðóêòóðè ÿã³ä ñìîðîäèíè ÷îðíî¿ çàáåçïå÷óº çíà-÷íèé ïðèð³ñò óðîaeàþ -â³ä 1,3 äî 2,8 ò/ ãà. Âèçíà÷åííÿ åíåðãåòè÷íî¿ åôåêòèâíîñò³ ñóì³ñíîãî çàñòîñóâàííÿ ³íñåêòèöèäó Á³-58 Íîâèé ³ êîìïëåêñíèõ äîáðèâ Êðèñòàëîí òà Ìî÷åâèí Ê çàñâ³ä÷èëî ìîaeëèâ³ñòü îòðèìàííÿ äîäàòêîâî¿ ÷èñòî¿ åíåð㳿 6055,1-6538,2 ìÄae/ãà ïðè êîåô³ö³ºíò³ åíåðãåòè÷íî¿ åôåêòèâ-íîñò³ 1,99-2,30 îäèíèöü. Âèñíîâêè. Ç ìåòîþ çàõèñòó ñìîðîäèíè ÷îðíî¿ â³ä ñèñíèõ øê³äíèê³â ³ îäåðaeàííÿ ñòàá³ëüíèõ óðîaeà¿â ÿã³ä ñë³ä íà øîñòîìó åòàï³ îðãàíîãåíåçó çàñòîñóâàòè ñèñòåìíèé ³íñåêòèöèä Á³-58 Íîâèé (0,8 ë/ãà) òà êîìïëåêñí³ äîáðèâà Ìî÷åâèí Ê (0,5 ë/ãà) ³ Êðèñòàëîí (12,5 êã/ãà). Òàêèé çàõèñò äຠìîaeëèâ³ñòü îòðèìàòè ÷èñòèé ïðèáóòîê 119941 ãðí/ãà çà 4-ðàçîâî¿ îêóïíîñò³ âèòðàò.
Goal. Study of the biological stability of different varieties of black currant against currant bud mite and determination of its number. Methods. The assessment of resistance was carried out in response to signs of damaging bud spherical in shape, resembling a method of histological cut of the bud. Determination of the population of each species of currant mite was conducted on a scale of 9 points in the conditions of the Eexperimental field of Zhytomyr National Agroecological University. Results. As a result of the research, it was found that the Titania variety is more resistant to the renal mite, and therefore, the total population density versus the standard variety is 1.46 units. The investigated varieties of black currant were conventionally divided into stable, medium-stable and unstable. By Medium-resistant include varieties Chernech and Vorskla’s Daughter, the coefficient of their population is from 0.80—0.86 units. Compared with the variat of standard, the Amethyst variety was unstable to the tick, the total coefficient of its population was close to 2.0 units. Comparing the results of histological sections of the buds of each varietie, the number of mites in comparison with the variet of standard was from 720 to 1786 units./ bud. In the course of studies on the biological resistance of different varieties of black currant to cinnamon bud mite, it was found that the varieties studied in the experiment are not persistent. Conclusions. The highest density was detected on an unstable Amethyst variety — 1340 specimens/bud, which exceeds the economic threshold of harm and leads to the need for appropriate protection. Taking into account resistant varieties of black currant against cinnabar bud mite, we have developed a biologized defense system. It contributes to limiting the migration of larvae of travelers in the formation of the fetuses, regulates the size of the population, increases the resistance of plants, and is the most important element of intensive technology of raising berries with a high level of payback and competitiveness.
Постановка проблеми. Отримання стабільних і високоякісних врожаїв зернових культур нині є одним із важливих завдань сільського господарства. У збільшенні виробництва зерна і підвищенні його якості основну роль відведено пшениці озимій. Однак провідними чинниками, що обмежують реалізацію потенційної продуктивності культури, є хвороби, втрати від яких можуть складати 15-32 %, а в роки з епіфітотійними спалахами-50 % і більше [1]. Недобір урожаю від септоріозу листя може сягати 30-40 % [2; 3], а втрати від бурої листкової іржі за ураження до 40 % становлять 3-4 ц/га, а понад 40 %-перевищують 10 ц/га [4]. Це пов'язано насамперед з необґрунтованим спрощенням технологій вирощування, ослабленням роботи зі створення стійких сортів, недостатніми обробками пестицидами.
We studied the weeds species composition in the black currantplantations of Ukrainian Polissia. The species composition of weeds has been analyzedand is was typical for thisarea. Twelve weed species were found during the study; they included annual (89.8%) and perennial ones (10.2%). A number of species were prevalent among the perennial weeds, namely common dandelion (Taraxacum officinaleWigg.) –2.5 pcs/m2, field milk thistle (Sonchus arvensisL.) –2.8 pcs/m2, couch grass (Elytrigia repensL.) –8.8 pcs/m2, and field sorrel (Rumex acetostellaL.) –3.2 pcs/m2. The most common annual species of weeds were lamb’s quarters (Chenopodium albumL.) –44.2 pcs/m2, shepherd’s purse (Capsella bursa-pastorisL.) –36.3 pcs/m2, smooth meadow grass (Poa annuaL.) –25.1 pcs/m2, and Amaranthus retroflexus(Amaranthus retroflexusL.) –19.6 pcs/m2. Throughout the study period, the least common weeds in black currant plantations were chickweed (Stellaria mediaL.) –14.8 pcs/m2, annual nettle (Urtica urensL.) –1.6 pcs/m2, quickweed (Galinsoga parvifloraCav.) –9.1 pcs/m2, and field pansy (Viola arvensisMurr.)–2.6 pcs/m2. We registered that with theweediness of 8-9 points the area of black currant leaves from a bush decreases by 1.9 m2, while the chlorophyll content in the leaves reduced by 20.8mg/100g. On the contrary, the dry matter content inleaves increasedfrom 29 to 61%. Significant negative effect of weeds on the activity of black currant and leads to a decrease in plant tolerance againstthe sucking pests and diseases. Thus, under high and very high weediness (8-9 points),the development of anthracnose (Gioesporium ribisMont.) was 32–48%, powdery mildew (Sphaerotheca mors Uvae.) and septoria blight (Mycosphaerella ribisLind.) were 16 and 15% respectively. We proved that a high weediness level reduces the yield of berriesby 56%in black currant plantations.
The epiphytotic development of the most dangerous diseases causes significant crop losses among grain crops, particularly oats. These diseases include root and crown rot, smut diseases, and crown rust. The grain shortage caused by these diseases can reach 15–40 %. Modern oats protection from diseases is considered to be an important condition for obtaining a high quality harvest. The pre-sowing treatment of seeds with fungicides is an integral part of intensive grain growing technologies. Our research was aimed at studying the effectiveness of pre-sowing seeds treatment with fungicides in combination with micro fertilizers, and their action on the disease resistance and oats productivity. The production experiment investigated into the impact of fungicides in combination with micro fertilizers on sowing qualities, seed damage, disease resistance and yield of oats. The complex treatment of oats seeds with Vincyt 050CS (6 l/t) and Oracul (solution, 1.0 l/t) as well as Fundazol (wettable powder, 2.4 l/t) and Oracul (solution, 1.0 l/t) led to the increase in germination energy by 4.2 % and 5 % and laboratory germination by 3 % and 4.2 % respectively. The pathogen damage decreased by 23–24 % (Alternaria spp. species), 9–11 % (Fusarium spp. species), and 4 % (Bipolaris soroziniana) compared to the control variant. The separate oats treatment with fungicides Vincyt 050CS (2.0 l/t) and Fundazol (wettable powder, 3.0 l/t) as well as in combination with the micro fertilizer Oracul (solution, 1.0 l/t) proved to be an effective means in controlling common root rot and crown rust of the grain crop. During the milk-wax stage of ripeness the technical efficiency of all examined preparations against crown rust was in the range of 13.9–37.5 % (disease spread) and 21.9–48.9 % (disease development). The combined application of seed treatment with fungicides together with the micro fertilizer promoted to an increase in oats yield by 1.0 and 0.78 t/ha compared to the untreated variant.
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