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In this study it has been shown that the transmission gain of an integrated dipole antenna on a Si chip used for an on-chip wireless interconnect is drastically reduced in a multi-layer metal interconnect scheme when a second metal layer is placed above the antenna at the usual interlayer metal distance. The best way to preserve high gain of the integrated antenna in such a multi-layer metal process is to design an antenna with excitation vertically through the Si substrate. In the presence of the upper metal layers, the vertically excited field mode propagating through the Si substrate does not cause any significant reduction in the power transmission of the antenna. Simulations of the structures have been carried out using the ANSOFT high frequency structure simulation (HFSS) program employing the three dimensional finite element method. A simple analytical model has also been developed, and the results are presented for comparison.

Innovation ecosystems have increasingly been studied from various perspectives, including connecting innovation ecosystems to sustainable development. Extant studies have found that innovation is important for sustainable development, collaboration is important for innovation, and intermediaries create necessary links and opportunities for the development of relations and cooperation between different actors in an ecosystem. What has been missing, however, is an explicit analysis of the process of collaboration in innovation ecosystems to ensure sustainability and the role of intermediaries in the process. To fill this void, this paper studies six organizations that act as intermediaries, using a multiple-case design approach. It analyzes the process of collaboration in innovation ecosystems and elucidates the role of intermediaries in the development of sustainable ecosystems. The findings indicate that the process of collaboration between actors in innovation ecosystems is an iterative process facilitated by intermediaries. By connecting different actors, intermediaries support the diffusion of innovation that has important implications for building sustainable innovation ecosystems and achieving Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).

Researchers have studied foreign direct investment (FDI) from various perspectives, and noted the motives of FDI depend predominantly on disadvantages in home countries or advantages in host countries. However, little is known about how investors avail themselves of such advantages. The purpose of this chapter is to offer guidelines to investors to make effective FDI decisions and maintain sustainable international expansions in the post-pandemic era. Via a conceptual review of the extant literature, the authors elaborate on the motives of FDI from the perspective of the capacities of investors and provide a nuanced understanding of how they can make better investment decisions based on both the lacks and capacities. The authors develop a framework elucidating that the motives of FDI can be determined by a firm's level of technology and absorptive capacity. The framework will help investors to find cross-border partners to collaborate with, increase resilience, and deal with post-pandemic recovery.

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We study the asymptotic behavior of the solutions of a scalar convolution sum-difference equation. The rate of convergence of the solution is found by determining the asymptotic behavior of the solution of the transient renewal equation.

Medical tourism has become one of the fastest-growing service industries in the 21st century. The purpose of this chapter is to advance the idea that the growth of medical tourism is influenced not only by the innovation in medical technology but also by the overall innovation environment in a country. Conducting a fixed effect regression analysis, the authors find empirical evidence in support of the argument. Because of the inter-sectoral nature of the medical tourism industry, the findings imply a plethora of opportunities for all related industries to realize the full potential of the resources available for innovation in a country. The most important implication of the findings is that strengthening the innovation environment in a country is momentous for sustainable medical tourism. The findings show a way to achieve sustainable medical tourism by integrating different stakeholders through collaboration and innovation.