Long-term memory of stock markets is a topic that has not received its due attention from academics. Posting the assertion made by Fama, 1970 [1] about markets being efficient, no one can consistently outrun it for a longer duration. Handful of papers checked the efficiency in emerging markets to see if the efficiency proposition held true. Furthering the literature in this study we test for the long-term memory of National Stock Exchange (NSE) index, Nifty and NSE_500 which are a collection of 50 and 500 listed firms respectively in India. The duration of the data for study is roughly eight years over the period from 2006-06-29 to 2012-09-13, a total of 1545 observations. We observe that long-term memory does exist in the context of Indian stock market index.
This study examines the role of financial performance and board characteristics on corporate social responsibility expenditure (CSR expenditure hereafter). The study is based on a natural experimental design where the Government of India made it legally mandatory for companies meeting certain criteria to spend at least 2% of their average profits in the preceding three financial years towards corporate social responsibility in the companies Act 2013. It examines the propensity of companies to spend towards corporate social responsibility over and above the legal mandate. This study analyze two different schools of thought in the field of corporate social responsibility varying in their assertions. The first school of thought asserts that firms engaged aggressively in CSR expenditure would be viewed positively by the customers/prospective customers. The second school of thought asserts that CSR expenditure reduces the profit of the firm that could have been used productively for asset acquisition, and business expansion. The first school of thought focuses on the good corporate citizenship hypothesis whereas the second school of thought focuses on the efficient utilization of scarce resources hypothesis. Using a dataset of companies listed on NSE 500 index, we found a positive and statistically significant relationship between CSR expenditure and accounting‐based firm performance but a negative relationship with market based firm performance. Size of the firm has a positive relationship with firm performance, alluding to the presence of “size” effect. Board size, board independence and cumulative attendance in board meetings exhibit mixed results with firm performance. Note: A slightly different version of this paper was presented in the 15th ICBF‐2022 conference held at IBS Hyderabad in the online mode. We would like to extend our heartfelt gratitude to all the reviewers and participants whose suggestions helped improve this article.
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