This study examines the linkages among economic growth, energy consumption, financial development, trade openness and CO 2 emissions over the period of 1975Q 1 -2011Q 4 in the case of Indonesia. The stationary analysis is performed by using Zivot-Andrews structural break unit root test and the ARDL bounds testing approach for a long run relationship between the series in the presence of structural breaks. The causal relation between the concerned variable is examined by the VECM Granger causality technique and robustness of causal analysis is tested by innovative accounting approach (IAA). Our results confirm that the variables are cointegrated; it means that the long run relationship exists in the presence of structural break stemming in the series. The empirical findings indicate that economic growth and energy consumption increases CO 2 emissions, while financial development and trade openness compact it. The VECM causality analysis has shown the feedback hypothesis between energy consumption and CO 2 emissions. Economic growth and CO 2 emissions are also interrelated i.e. bidirectional causality. Financial development Granger causes CO 2 emissions. The study opens up a new policy insights to control the environment from degradation by using energy efficient technologies. Financial development and trade openness can also play their role in improving the environmental quality.

In this study, we analyse whether Bitcoin can hedge uncertainty using daily data for the period of 17 th March, 2011, to 7 th October, 2016. Global uncertainty is measured by the first principal component of the VIXs of 14 developed and developing equity markets. We first use wavelets to decompose Bitcoin returns into various frequencies, i.e., investment horizons. Then, we apply standard OLS regressions and observe that uncertainty negatively affects raw Bitcoin return and its longer-term movements. However, given the heavy tails of the variables, we rely on quantile methods and reveal much more nuanced and interesting results. Quantile regressions indicate that Bitcoin does act as a hedge against uncertainty, that is, it reacts positively to uncertainty at both higher quantiles and shorter frequency movements of Bitcoin returns. Finally, when we use quantile-on-quantile regressions, we observe that hedging is observed at shorter investment horizons, and at both lower and upper ends of Bitcoin returns and global uncertainty.

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This study investigated travel intentions of 484 international and 566 domestic travellers during COVID-19 pandemic using Bayesian structural equation modelling and the extended model of goal-directed behaviour. The variation in the perceived severity of COVID-19 and willingness to adopt personal non-pharmaceutical interventions (PNPIs) across different demographic and socioeconomic characteristics of travellers was also examined. It was revealed that attitude, subjective norm, perceived behavioural control and positive anticipated emotion positively and negative anticipated emotion negatively influenced travellers' intention through their desire to travel during COVID-19. The perceived severity of COVID-19 indirectly influenced travel intention through willingness to adopt PNPIs. Female and older travellers perceived COVID-19 as more severe and showed more willingness to adopt PNPIs. Implications and directions for future research are discussed.

Highlights The time and frequency domain connectedness and spillover are among Fintech, green bonds, and cryptocurrencies. Portfolios consisting of the assets with heavy-tail dependence. Volatility transmission is higher in the short term. Gold and oil, as well as the modern age asset, green bonds, turn useful as good hedgers as compared to other assets. Fintech index and general equity indexes are not good hedging instruments for each other.