Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common type of liver disease. NAFLD is considered a multifactorial disease and a clinically relevant hepatic manifestation of metabolic syndrome. NAFLD is often accompanied by a constellation of metabolic and non-metabolic alterations, like dyslipidemia, insulin resistance in the liver and peripheral tissues, inflammation and oxidative stress; therefore, treatment of NAFLD should be directed at correcting all of these disturbances. The natural polyphenol curcumin has been the subject of increasing research for the treatment of NAFLD due to its lipid-modifying, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, insulinsensitizing, anti-steatotic, and anti-fibrotic properties. The therapeutic efficacy of curcumin has been demonstrated in several experimental models of NAFLD, however, clinical evidence is still scarce. The present review summarizes the current knowledge on the impact of curcumin supplementation on different biochemical and histopathological features of NAFLD.
Pulmonary complications due to mustard gas exposure range from no effect to severe bronchial stenosis. Pulmonary function tests (PFTs) and respiratory symptoms in chemical war victims were studied 23-25 years after exposure to sulfur mustard (SM). Respiratory symptoms were evaluated in a sample of 142 chemical war victims and 120 control subjects with similar age from the general population using a questionnaire including questions on respiratory symptoms in the past year. PFT values were also measured in chemical war victims before and 15 min after the inhalation of 200 µg salbutamol and baseline PFT in controls. All chemical war victims (100%) reported respiratory symptoms. Wheezing (66.19%), cough (64.78%), and chest tightness (54.4%) were the most common symptoms and only 15.5% of chemical war victims reported sputum (p < 0.01 for sputum and p < 0.001 for other symptoms compared with control group). In addition, 49.3% of chemical war victims had wheeze in chest examination, which were significantly higher than control group (p < 0.001). The severity of respiratory symptoms was also significantly higher than control subjects (p < 0.05 for sputum and p < 0.001 for other symptoms). All the PFT values were also significantly lower in chemical war victims than that in control subjects (p < 0.001 for all cases). In addition, all the PFT values improved significantly after the inhalation of 200 µg salbutamol (p < 0.05-p < 0.001). These results showed that chemical war victims, 23-25 years after exposure to chemical warfare have higher frequencies and severity of respiratory symptoms. PFT values were also significantly reduced among chemical war victims, which showed reversibility due to the inhalation of 200 µg salbutamol.
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