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Brain tumors arise from an uncontrolled proliferation of neural tissue cells or supportive glial tissue cells within the brain. The diagnosis and therapy of brain tumor is an extremely challenging task. Moreover, absence of early stage symptoms and consequently delays in diagnosis and therapy worsen its severity. Though in the present days, chemotherapeutic approach is the most common therapeutic approach; still it is linked with several precincts. The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is the main hurdle in delivering most of the chemotherapeutic agents as well as imaging agent that leads to insufficient accumulation of therapeutic / imaging agents at tumor site, and prevents adequate destruction of malignant cells. Recently, lipid based nanoparticles are gaining much more interest and are preferred over polymeric nanoparticles owing to their biodegradability, non-toxicity, excellent tumortargeting ability and ease of surface modification. Certain receptors are over expressed in brain tumor cells which confer an opportunity to the researchers for delivering the chemotherapeutic as well as imaging agent particularly to the tumor cells through the surface modification approach of nanoparticles. Ligands like proteins/peptides, carbohydrates, aptamers, antibodies, and antibody fragments are generally conjugated to the surface of the nanoparticles that bind specifically to an over expressed target on the brain tumor cell surface. In the present review, we discuss the diagnostic and therapeutic application of various types of lipid based nanoparticles such as liposomes, niosomes, solid lipid nanoparticles, nanostructured lipid carrier, lipid nanocapsule, and lipid polymer hybrid nanocarriers along with their various surface modified forms for targeting brain tumor.

Background: The rutin loaded chitosan-alginate nanoparticles (RCANP) were prepared using an ion gelation method. The optimized RCANP4 formulation composed of rutin: alginate: chitosan with the ratio of 1.24:5:2. The particle size, zeta potential, and entrapment efficiency of RCANP4 formulation were found to be 168.4 ± 11.23 nm, -24.7 ± 1.5 mV, and 91.23 ± 1.1%, respectively. The in vitro drug release of RCANP4 formulation was found to be 88.89 ± 2.9% within 24 h. The Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) of RCANP4 revealed all characteristic groups of rutin, confirming the successful loading of rutin into the nanoparticles. Background: The rutin loaded chitosan-alginate nanoparticles (RCANP) were prepared using an ion gelation method. The optimized RCANP4 formulation composed of rutin: alginate: chitosan with the ratio of 1.24:5:2. The particle size, zeta potential, and entrapment efficiency of RCANP4 formulation were found to be 168.4 ± 11.23 nm, -24.7 ± 1.5 mV, and 91.23 ± 1.1%, respectively. The in vitro drug release of RCANP4 formulation was found to be 88.89 ± 2.9% within 24 h. The Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) of RCANP4 revealed all characteristic groups of rutin, confirming the successful loading of rutin into the nanoparticles. Results: The results obtained for glucose uptake in HepG2 cells, the RCANP4 caused a significant (P < 0.05) increase in glucose uptake in contrast to rutin. In vitro cytotoxicity results explained that RCANP4 could significantly (P < 0.05) reduce the cells viability rate compared with rutin. It may be due to the internalization of RCANP4 formulations in systemic circulation. Conclusion: The results also showed that RCANP4 could significantly reduce cell viability over 24 h and 48 h compared to free rutin.

Objectives: To examine the prevalence of risk factors in patients suffering from uterine fibroid at tertiary care teaching hospital. Methods: A crosssectional study carried out between June to December 2019 includes patients who were diagnosed with uterine fibroids in the gynecology department, SVIMS, Tirupati. The position and number of the fibroids were counted and noted by the reports of Ultrasound examinations. Especially we assessed the prevalence of risk factors for uterine fibroids based on the questionnaire filled by the patients. The data were processed with the statistical program SPSS 25 and P value less than 0.05 were considered to be statically significant. Results: A total of 137 patients was studied, the majority of subjects were below the age group of 36-50 years (63.5%) followed by 21-35 years (24.08%) and 51-65 years (12.4%). The average age of the participants was 42.08 ± 8.89 years. BMI showed that women with 25 kg/m 2 to 29.9 kg/m 2 (54.74%) and ≥30 kg/m 2 (8.75%) experienced a higher prevalence of fibroids (χ 2 =11.55, P =0.003) than women with 18.5 kg/m 2 to 24.9 kg/m 2 (36.49%). The average body mass index (BMI) of women with fibroids that were detected in our study was 27.5kg/m 2 . Other risk factors were not significantly linked with uterine fibroids. Conclusion: Fibroid prevalence had a significant correlation with age and BMI. Early detection and reduced body weight may bring down the occurrence of uterine fibroids.

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