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In an effort to establish a model system to examine the biosynthesis of aliphatic glucosinolates in radish tissues, changes in the glucosinolates content and associated gene expression patterns during seed germination and feeding of beet army worms (Salix exingua) to the radish leaf tissues were investigated. Radish cultivars, 'Taebaek', 'Baekja', and 'Gwandong-yeorum', were chosen to represent the genotypes of high, intermediate, and low in their glucosinolate contents, respectively. The major glucosinolates found in radish were glucoraphenin in seeds and glucoraphasatin in young seedlings. A rapid loss in glucoraphenin content was observed immediately after seed germination along with a sharp increase in glucoraphasatin content. Partial sequences of the genes involved in the biosynthesis of glucosinolates in radish were determined using random primers manufactured based on the sequence of Brassica rapa. The RT-PCR study revealed that the expression of CYP79F1 and CYP83A1 were maintained at a high level for 14 days after germination, followed by a significant decrease, substantiating the decrease in the amount of glucosinolates. Feeding army worm on radish seedlings has resulted in an increase of the glucoraphasatin content by 1.4 folds in all three cultivars tested. Expression of CYP79F1 and CYP83A1 in the leaves were up-regulated, substantiating the increase in glucosinolates content, as compared to the control. This result suggested that there was a positive correlation between the glucosinolates contents and the expressions of CYP79F1 and CYP83A1 genes.

Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) shell, an abundant by-product of peanut production, contains a complex combination of organic compounds, including flavonoids. Changes in the total phenolic content, flavonoid content, antioxidant capacities, and skin aging-related enzyme (tyrosinase, elastase, and collagenase)-inhibitory activities of peanut shell were investigated after treatment in pressure swing reactors under controlled gas conditions using surface dielectric barrier discharge with different plasma (NOx and O3) and temperature (25 and 150 °C) treatments. Plasma treatment under ozone-rich conditions at 150 °C significantly affected the total phenolic (270.70 mg gallic acid equivalent (GAE)/g) and flavonoid (120.02 mg catechin equivalent (CE)/g) contents of peanut shell compared with the control (253.94 and 117.74 mg CE/g, respectively) (p < 0.05). In addition, with the same treatment, an increase in functional compound content clearly enhanced the antioxidant activities of components in peanut shell extracts. However, the NOx-rich treatment was significantly less effective than the O3 treatment (p < 0.05) in terms of the total phenolic content, flavonoid content, and antioxidant activities. Similarly, peanut shells treated in the reactor under O3-rich plasma conditions at 150 ℃ had higher tyrosinase, elastase, and collagenase inhibition rates (55.72%, 85.69%, and 86.43%, respectively) compared to the control (35.81%, 80.78%, and 83.53%, respectively). Our findings revealed that a reactor operated with O3-rich plasma-activated gas at 150 °C was better-suited for producing functional industrial materials from the by-products of peanuts.