We have studied the pulse field magnetization of a YBCO bulk superconducting ring. In the experiments a 6 ms pulse magnetic field was applied to a ring-shaped YBCO superconductor with a 46 mm outer diameter, 16 mm inner diameter and 15 mm height, which was cooled by liquid nitrogen (77 K). Then, trapped magnetic field profiles were measured with a Hall sensor. For example, a single 1.2 T pulse field generated a hollow profile of the trapped magnetic field. In addition, the finite element method was used to solve the coupled problem of thermal and electromagnetic fields, where the power-n model was adopted for the E-J (E is the electric field and J is the current density) relation in the superconductor. A comparison between the results of experiment and analysis has shown that n = 6 gave good agreement between them. We have also discussed the current density distribution, temperature distribution, etc.
ANAC071 and its homolog ANAC096 are plant-specific transcription factors required for the initiation of cell division during wound healing in incised Arabidopsis flowering stems and Arabidopsis hypocotyl grafts; however, the mechanism remains mostly unknown. In this study, we showed that wound-induced cambium formation involved cell proliferation and the promoter activity of TDR/PXY (cambium-related gene) in the incised stem. Prior to the wound-induced cambium formation, both ANAC071 and ANAC096 were expressed at these sites. anac-multiple mutants significantly decreased wound-induced cambium formation in the incised stems and suppressed the conversion from mesophyll cells to cambial cells in an ectopic vascular cell induction culture system (VISUAL). Our results suggest that ANAC071 and ANAC096 are redundantly involved in the process of “cambialization”, the conversion from differentiated cells to cambial cells, and these cambium-like cells proliferate and provide cells in wound tissue during the tissue-reunion process.
This paper deals with the simultaneous observation of both the electron field emission from nanoscopic tips by electrical means and their structural shape change by an ultra-high resolution transmission electron microscope (TEM). Nanoneedles with sharp tips of radius in the nanometer range were fabricated with semiconductor micromachining technology. A correlation between the electron field emission characteristics and the structural change of the emitter tip was clearly observed.
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