This paper discusses the cloud/clear discrimination algorithm (CLAUDIA) and the cloud microphysical properties algorithm (CAPCOM), which are used by the Second-generation GLobal Imager (SGLI) aboard the GCOM-C satellite, launched in December 2017. Also described are the preliminary results of cloud products' validation. CLAUDIA was validated by comparing cloud fractions derived from satellite data against data from whole-sky images captured by ground-based fisheye cameras. User's accuracy and producer's accuracy were mostly high at around 90%, and the resulting overall accuracy was also high, ranging from 83 to 100% (average of all sites was 90.5%). CLAUDIA has proven to be sufficiently accurate to apply a cloud mask to measurements and meets the requirements for releasing data for SGLI cloud flag products (the minimum for a successful GCOM-C mission). CAPCOM was evaluated by comparing cloud properties obtained by SGLI products against data from MODIS collection 6 products (MOD06). This was done for both ocean and land in the low to middle latitudes (60°N-60°S) from August 22, 2018 to September 14, 2018. The comparison showed good correlation coefficients for cloud optical thickness, effective particle radius, and cloud-top temperature for water clouds: 0.88 (0.83), 0.92 (0.88), and 0.94 (0.92) for ocean (land), respectively. CAPCOM data for ice cloud optical thickness correlated well with data from MODIS products: 0.86 (ocean) and 0.82 (land).
We created, for the first time, a map of sea ice production in the Bering Sea, based on thin‐ice thickness data from the Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometers (AMSR‐E and AMSR2) with a heat flux calculation. We used the AMSR‐E thin‐ice algorithm developed for the Arctic Ocean with some modification. We provided a 16‐yr data set of ice production from the 2002/2003 to 2018/2019 seasons, excepting the 2011/2012 season. It is found that the Anadyr polynya has by far the highest sea ice production (average of 93 km3/yr) and accounts for more than 30% of all polynya ice production in the Bering Sea. The combined ice production in the Anadyr, Anadyr Strait, and St. Lawrence polynyas becomes the second‐largest ice production during the AMSR‐E period in the Northern Hemisphere. It is considered that the high ice production in the Anadyr polynya produces cold, saline, nutrient‐rich water, so‐called Anadyr Water, which would contribute to the formation of the cold halocline layer and high biological productivity. The ice production in the Anadyr polynya shows very large year‐to‐year variability. The record low ice extent year of the 2017/2018 season is also the lowest ice production year; the production is only one tenth of the highest value, observed during the 2015/2016 season. The high sensitivity of the wind direction and strength to the location of the Aleutian Low causes this large variability. We also built reconstruction schemes of ice production in the polynyas, using the offshore wind and air temperature, by multiple linear regression.
Deformation behaviors of polycrystalline metals are quite complex, and we are not easy to directly investigate them; thus, analyses employing simple models such as bicrystals are required. In this study, we conducted crystal plasticity analysis of unidirectional tensile tests, using compatible-symmetric-type bicrystal models with the not-inclined grain boundary and incompatible-type bicrystal model with the inclined grain boundary; we investigated changes in patterns of geometrically necessary dislocation (GND) bans and the density of GNDs in the initial deformation. In the condition where the grain boundary contacted with the constrained faces, GND bans were formed and the distribution was changed with changing the inclination angle α of the grain boundary. In contrast, GNDs were not localized in high density in the condition where the grain boundary contacted with the free surfaces; the changes were caused by two-reasons: one was changes of compatibility of the bicrystal model with changing the inclination angle α, and the other was that deformation shapes of the bicrystal model under tensile loading were changed with changing the inclination angle α and the deformation was constrained by the constrained faces. The compatibility of and average density of GNDs in the bicrystal model could be estimated using differences of components of Schmid tensors between the crystal grains.
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