As a large multiethnic country, Indonesia has limited studies regarding factors that may influence the national identity of Indonesians of Chinese descent. This study examined the relations between four variables-ethnic identity, multiculturalism, social distance, and Indonesian national identity-between Chinese (n = 159) and non-Chinese Indonesian university students (n = 158) in Jakarta. A multiple-group path analysis was conducted to analyze data from Chinese and non-Chinese samples. The results revealed that structural covariance invariance was the best fit, describing ethnic identity's direct prediction of national identity and social distance's indirect prediction of national identity, fully mediated by multiculturalism. The mean score comparisons showed that both groups exhibited higher national identity than ethnic identity. A context of living in a global urban-metropolitan city may influence identity formation.
This study aims to find out the meaning of shame in the young generation of Jakarta. Shame as one of the basic emotions, continues to evolve according to the age level and social changes that occur. The theory used is social representation theory with approach of social representation structure that will find central core and peripheral element of shame. This study used mixed method design: quantitative method with hierarchized evocation technique and qualitative method by conducting interview. The hierarchized evocation technique was performed on 252 participants using a questionnaire. While interviews were conducted on 13 participants which explore further about the shame. Participants were obtained by using snowball and accidental sampling technique, with the criteria as followed: students, at least fifth semester and maximum age is 25. The results show that the meaning of shame in Jakarta young generation is related to self-doubt, events that lead to negative judgment, unideal physical appearance, violation of moral principles and mismatch on etiquette. These five attributes are very strongly attached to the collective memory of the younger generation.
Pentingnya kaitan budaya dalam kewirausahaan belum banyak digali oleh penelitian Psikologi di bidang kewirausahaan. Studi ini mengeksplorasi pemaknaan kewirausahaan pada tiga etnis di Indonesia yakni Jawa, Minang, dan Tionghoa, dengan menggunakan perspektif representasi sosial, khususnya pendekatan struktural. Desain penelitian mixed-method digunakan dalam studi ini. Pada pendekatan kuantitatif dengan teknik Hierarchized Ecovation pada 122 responden berhasil memetakan atribut dan struktur representasi sosial tentang kewirausahaan. Pendekatan kualitatif melalui wawancara pada 11 responden menemukan perbedaan pemaknaan kewirausahaan termanifestasi dalam tiga hal yakni alasan berwirausaha, nilai dan hal yang dianggap penting dalam berwirausaha, dan proses pelestarian nilai-nilai kewirausahaan. Ditemukan bahwa central core pada etnis Jawa adalah kemandirian dan kerja keras, sedang pada etnis Minang adalah berdagang, produk, modal, dan kemandirian, dan pada etnis Tionghoa adalah strategi dan manajemen serta kerja keras. Sejumlah atribut yang menjadi kekhasan masing-masing etnis yakni kejujuran dan nrimo pada etnis Jawa, kesalehan pada agama dan kecintaan pada kampung halaman pada etnis Minang, serta kreativitas dan kesabaran pada etnis Tionghoa.
<p class="normal"><em>Abstract </em><em>—</em><em> </em><em>The important link between culture and entrepreneurship has often been overlooked by psychological research on entrepreneurship. The present study explores the meaning of entrepreneurship among three ethnic groups in Indonesia: Javanese, Minangese, and Chinese. Using the perspective of social representation theory, especially the structural approach, this study employs the mixed-method design. By using quantitative approach with Hierarchized Evocation method on 122 subjects the attributes and structure of entrepreneurship’s social representation were discovered. The central core elements of the Javanese were autonomy and hard work, the Minangese were trading, products, capital, and autonomy, and for the Chinese were strategy and management and hard work. The qualitative approach using interview conducted on 11 entrepreneurs found that each ethnic group views entrepreneurship differently. The different views manifested on several aspects such as the motivation to start a business, the important values and views regarding entrepreneurship. Some attributes which were found to be unique for each ethnic were honesty and nrimo for the Javanese, observance to religion and belongingness to one’s hometown for the Minangese, and creativity and patience for the Chinese.</em></p><p class="normal"><em><br /></em></p><p class="normal">Abstrak <em>—</em><em> </em>Pentingnya kaitan budaya dalam kewirausahaan belum banyak digali oleh penelitian Psikologi di bidang kewirausahaan. Studi ini mengeksplorasi pemaknaan kewirausahaan pada tiga etnis di Indonesia yakni Jawa, Minang, dan Tionghoa, dengan menggunakan perspektif representasi sosial, khususnya pendekatan struktural. Desain penelitian <em>mixed-method</em> digunakan dalam studi ini. Pada pendekatan kuantitatif dengan teknik <em>Hierarchized Ecovation</em> pada 122 responden berhasil memetakan atribut dan struktur representasi sosial tentang kewirausahaan. Pendekatan kualitatif melalui wawancara pada 11 responden menemukan perbedaan pemaknaan kewirausahaan termanifestasi dalam tiga hal yakni alasan berwirausaha, nilai dan hal yang dianggap penting dalam berwirausaha, dan proses pelestarian nilai-nilai kewirausahaan. Ditemukan bahwa<em> central core</em> pada etnis Jawa adalah kemandirian dan kerja keras, sedang pada etnis Minang adalah berdagang, produk, modal, dan kemandirian, dan pada etnis Tionghoa adalah strategi dan manajemen serta kerja keras. Sejumlah atribut yang menjadi kekhasan masing-masing etnis yakni kejujuran dan <em>nrimo</em> pada etnis Jawa, kesalehan pada agama dan kecintaan pada kampung halaman pada etnis Minang, serta kreativitas dan kesabaran pada etnis Tionghoa.</p><p class="normal"><em><br /></em></p>
Violence on the internet often occurs in Indonesia due to several aspects, such as political reason and entertainment purpose. It has emerged due to the rapid digital movement, which produces numerous digital applications that can widen the connection among humans from various backgrounds. Sometimes, different values and perceptions are the factors that incinerate violence on the internet, particularly verbal violence. In this study, we apply the term cyber aggression (CA), a form of structured and unstructured behavior to harm others online, to explain this phenomenon. The emergence of this new-kind of behavior must be addressed by the government and other stakeholders in managing social and political stability that requires intergroup relation. This study aims to explain two specific predictors that can empirically understand CA from the psychological perspective, namely, moral emotions and frequency of social media usage. Result shows that one dimension of moral emotion—guilt—is a significant predictor to inhibit CA. Moreover, shame precisely encourages people to conduct CA.
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