Human beings have always been intuitive toxicologists, relying on their senses of sight, taste, and smell to detect harmful or unsafe food, water, and air. As we have come to recognize that our senses are not adequate to assess the dangers inherent in exposure to a chemical substance, we have created the sciences of toxicology and risk assessment to perform this function. Yet despite this great effort to overcome the limitations of intuitive toxicology, it has become evident that even our best scientific methods still depend heavily on extrapolations and judgments in order to infer human health risks from animal data.Many observers have acknowledged the inherent subjectivity in the assessment of chemical risks and have indicated a need to examine the subjective or intuitive elements of expert and lay risk judgments. Such an examination was begun by surveying members of the Society of Toxciology and the lay public about basic toxicological concepts, assumptions, and interpretations. The results demonstrated large differences between toxicologists and laypeople, as well as differences between toxicologists working in industry, academia, and government. In addition, toxicologists were found to be sharply divided in their opinions about the ability to predict a chemical's effect on human health on the basis of animal studies. These results place the problems of risk communication in a new light. Although the survey identifies misconceptions that experts should clarify for the public, it also suggests that controversies over chemical risks may be fueled as much by limitations of the science of risk assessment and disagreements among experts as by public misconceptions. Neil et al. »• 5 Intuitive Toxicology

This study investigates the potential impacts ofthe proposed nuclear waste repository at Yucca Mountain, Nevada, upon tourism, retirement and job-related migration, and business development in Las Vegas and the state. Adverse impacts may be expected to result from perceptions of risk, stigmatization, and socially amplified reactions to "unfortunate events" associated with the repository (major and minor accidents, discoveries of radiation releases, evidence of mismanagement, attempts to sabotage or disrupt the facility, etc.). The conceptual underpinnings of risk perception, stigmatization, and social amplification are discussed and empirical data are presented to demonstrate how nuclear images associated with Las Vegas and the State of Nevada might trigger adverse economic effects. The possibility that intense negative imagery associated with the repository may cause significant harm to Nevada's economy can no longer be ignored by serious attempts to assess the risks and impacts ofthis unique facility. The behavioral processes described here appear relevant as well to the social impact assessment of any proposed facility that produces, uses, transports, or disposes ofhazardous materials.

Previous studies of risk perception have typically focused on the mean judgments of a group of people regarding the riskiness (or safety) of a diverse set of hazardous activities, substances, and technologies. This paper reports the results of two studies that take a different path. Study 1 investigated whether models within a single technological domain were similar to previous models based on group means and diverse hazards. Study 2 created a group taxonomy of perceived risk for only one technological domain, railroads, and examined whether the structure of that taxonomy corresponded with taxonomies derived from prior studies of diverse hazards. Results from Study 1 indicated that the importance of various risk characteristics in determining perceived risk differed across individuals and across hazards, but not so much as to invalidate the results of earlier studies based on group means and diverse hazards. In Study 2, the detailed analysis of railroad hazards produced a structure that had both important similarities to, and dissimilarities from, the structure obtained in prior research with diverse hazard domains. The data also indicated that railroad hazards are really quite diverse, with some approaching nuclear reactors in their perceived seriousness. These results suggest that information about the diversity of perceptions within a single domain of hazards could provide valuable input to risk-management decisions.

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Рекламодавці-Регулятори-Користувачі". В результаті цього автори дійшли висновку, що стратегія цифрових рішень екосистеми університету є такою, що орієнтована на продукти/послуги з додаванням інформації, яка забезпечує нову вартість для клієнтів. Роботу з інформацією в інноваційно-підприємницькому університеті можна представити ланцюгом типу: "пошук-отримання-розпізнання-аналіз-фільтрація-збагаченняконструювання інформації-застосування". Авторами висловлено думку про те, що умовами конкурентоспроможності інноваційної екосистеми гіг-економіки можна вважати: корпоративне стартап співробітництво; цільове фінансування інновацій; узгодженна співпраця уряду і суспільства та їх повна долученість до ефективної роботи екосистеми; підтримка підприємницького таланту та гендерна рівність; цифрова сумісність господарюючих суб'єктів; гармонізація законодавства та стандартів. The article explores the ecosystem of the innovation-entrepreneurial university, which functions in the coordinate system of gig-economy and reveals the advantages that the ecosystem of the university and its further development on the basis of competition. The effective role of functioning of gig-economy in the course of digitization of the Ukrainian economy is determined. The goal pursued by the ecosystem of the innovation and entrepreneurial university on the basis of the implementation of digital ecosystem strategy of gig-economy is presented. Author's vision and understanding of the ecosystem of gig-economy and its scientific and educational, technical, technological, socio-ecological, innovative and entrepreneurial structural components are offered, including: cluster, platform, ecosystem production; the foundation of innovative parks, working on a full cycle; coworking cluster (co-working-office: start-up-school, start-up laboratory, start-up-accelerator, master-classes of experts of business schools); STEM education; digital education (Big Data school, BlockChain school, AI school, FinTech school, business camps); Industry 4.

This study investigates the potential impacts ofthe proposed nuclear waste repository at Yucca Mountain, Nevada, upon tourism, retirement and job-related migration, and business development in Las Vegas and the state. Adverse impacts may be expected to result from perceptions of risk, stigmatization, and socially amplified reactions to "unfortunate events" associated with the repository (major and minor accidents, discoveries of radiation releases, evidence of mismanagement, attempts to sabotage or disrupt the facility, etc.). The conceptual underpinnings of risk perception, stigmatization, and social amplification are discussed and empirical data are presented to demonstrate how nuclear images associated with Las Vegas and the State of Nevada might trigger adverse economic effects. The possibility that intense negative imagery associated with the repository may cause significant harm to Nevada's economy can no longer be ignored by serious attempts to assess the risks and impacts ofthis unique facility. The behavioral processes described here appear relevant as well to the social impact assessment of any proposed facility that produces, uses, transports, or disposes ofhazardous materials.