ABSTRAKCandida. albicans (C.albicans) merupakan agen penyebab primer pada oral candidiasis. Candida spp merupakan mikroorganisme komensal atau  ora normal dalam mulut dengan tanpa menimbulkan gejala. Candida spp dapat menjadi patogen saat kondisi daya tahan tubuh menurun terutama dalam kondisi penyakit autoimun yang diberikan terapi steroid karena steroid bersifat menurunkan sistem imun atau terapi obat-obatan secara sistemik dalam jangka waktu lama. Penelitian oral candidiasis di Indonesia masih belum banyak dilakukan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pro l oral candidiasis pada pasien-pasien yang ditangani di Bagian Penyakit Mulut di Rumah Sakit dr. Hasan Sadikin (RSHS), Bandung, Indonesia periode tahun 2010 -2014. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan selama periode 2010 hingga 2014 sebanyak 49 orang pasien yang datang ke klinik ilmu penyakit mulut ditemukan oral candidiasis. Prevalensi terbanyak adalah pria sebesar 34 orang (69,3%) dan wanita 15 orang (30,7%), dengan faktor predisposisi terbanyak adalah keterlibatan penyakit sistemik sebesar 40,2%. Lokasi paling sering ditemukan lesi plak pseudomembran putih dan terdapat di daerah dorsal lidah. Pro l kandidiasis pada pasien yang berkunjung ke klinik ilmu penyakit mulut RSHS secara garis besar umumnya disebabkan oleh kondisi sistemik, penyakit autoimun dan kebersihan rongga mulut yang buruk sedangkan untuk terapi kandidiasis, penggunaan nystatin masih efektif untuk digunakan mengobati kandidiasis. RSHS Bandung, Indonesia at 2010 -2014

Pendahuluan: Stomatitis Aftosa Rekuren (SAR) merupakan penyakit mulut yang sangat sering terjadi pada masyarakat. SAR memiliki gambaran klinis berupa lesi ulserasi kecil berbentuk bulat atau oval dengan tepi kemerahan dan batas yang jelas serta dasar ulser berwarna putih atau kekuningan. Prevalensi SAR pada populasi dunia bervariasi antara 5% sampai 66% dengan rata-rata 20%. SAR diklasifikasikan dalam 3 tipe yaitu lesi minor, mayor, dan herpetiform; lesi sering ditemukan di mukosa labial, biasa diberikan terapi farmakologi berupa anti inflamasi topikal, serta membutuhkan masa penyembuhan 7-10 hari. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah mengetahui profil lesi SAR pada pasien di Instalasi Ilmu Penyakit Mulut Rumah Sakit Gigi dan Mulut Universitas Padjadjaran (RSGM Unpad) periode tahun 2014-2015. Metode: Jenis penelitian yang dilakukan bersifat deskriptif dari penelusuran data sekunder. Sampel penelitian yaitu rekam medis pasien dengan diagnosa SAR di RSGM Unpad periode 2014-2015. Hasil: Kasus SAR ditemukan sejumlah 47 kasus dari sejumlah 132 keseluruhan kasus penyakit mulut di instalasi penyakit mulut RSGM Unpad periode 2014-2015. SAR sebagian besar terjadi pada pasien dengan jenis kelamin perempuan daripada laki-laki, serta paling banyak ditemukan pada usia 20-29 tahun. Simpulan: Profil lesi SAR lebih banyak ditemukan tipe SAR minor, berlokasi di mukosa labial, dengan lama penyembuhan 7-14 hari dan penatalaksanaan farmakologi yang paling sering diberikan adalah topikal anti inflamasi kortikosteroid.Kata Kunci : Profil lesi oral, stomatitis aftosa rekuren, ilmu penyakit mulut

ABSTRAKTujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui pro l lesi mulut pada kelompok lanjut usia di panti sosial tresna wreda Senjarawi Bandung. Penelitian dilakukan pada Panti Sosial Tresna Wreda (PSTW) Senjarawi di kota Bandung, dengan metode cross-sectional. Sampel penelitian dipilih sesuai kriteria inklusi meliputi sehat  sik dan mampu berkomunikasi dengan baik, usia minimal 60 tahun, dan mandiri. Hasil pemeriksaan pada 20 sampel menunjukkan adanya lesi mulut seperti coated tongue,  ssured tongue, lesi ulserasi, geographic tongue, fordyce granule, dan lesi traumatik. Jumlah terbanyak yaitu 11 orang (55%) mengalami coated tongue. Hasil pemeriksaan gigi ditemukan sebanyak 18 sampel (90%) mengalami kehilangan beberapa gigi. Coated tongue banyak ditemukan terkait dengan kondisi gigi yang dialami, kebiasaan makan, faktor  siologis, dan kondisi sistemik, sedangkan beberapa lesi mulut lainnya terjadi sesuai dengan penambahan usia. Lesi ulserasi yang ditemukan mirip dengan lesi recurrent aphthous stomatitis (RAS), tetapi pada usia lanjut ulserasi mulut lebih sering dipengaruhi oleh kondisi sistemik dan pengobatannya sehingga diagnosis ulser lebih sebagai suatu RAS-like. Coated tongue sebagai lesi mulut yang paling banyak ditemukan karena dipengaruhi oleh proses degeneratif, status kebersihan mulut, pola makan, dan tempat tinggal. Kesehatan gigi dan mulut lansia merupakan hal yang perlu mendapat perhatian termasuk dari dokter gigi sehingga diharapkan dapat tercapai kualitas hidup lansia yang baik.

Objective: To evaluate the safety of a pomegranate seeds ethanolic extract in Swiss webster mice. Material and Methods: Pomegranate seed's ethanolic extracts were evaluated for minimum inhibitory concentration against streptococcus sanguis ATCC 10556, using microdilution method through 96-wells microplate. In acute toxicity test, 12 females and 12 males Swiss Webster mice weighing 20-30 grams were divided into four groups, each consisting of 3 females and 3 males. Three groups were orally given of sample with concentrations 0.2% equivalent to 40 mg/kg, 0.4% equivalent to 80 mg/kg, and 0.8% equivalent to 160 mg/kg, while the control group was given distilled water. Observations were made at 30, 60 and 90 minutes, for 24 hours and 7 days. Results: The MIC against streptococcus sanguis was on 2000 ppm concentration and until 24 hours observation no lethal effect occurred on the mice, but at the 7 days observation in the group of 0.8% per kilogram body weight, the lethal effect occurred at one mice. Conclusion:The ethanolic extract of pomegranate seeds has antibacterial effect and no acute systemic toxicity, which can be considered safe on the use as oral topical solution since the toxic dose is greater than 160 mg/kg of body weight.Keywords: Pomegranate, Ethanolic extract, Acute systemic toxicity Cite this Article: Setiadhi, R., Sufiawati, I., Zakiawati, D., Nur'aeny, N., Hidayat, W., Firman, D.R. 2017. Evaluation of antibacterial activity and acute toxicity of pomegranate (punica granatum l.) seed ethanolic extracts in swiss webster mice.

Introduction: Atopy is a genetic tendency of allergic condition with specific clinical manifestations such as atopic dermatitis (AD), allergic rhinitis (AR), and bronchial asthma (BA). Atopic individuals might experience other health problems that coincide with atopic manifestations, including the appearance of recurrent aphthous stomatitis (RAS) which is an oral mucosal disease that can also be influenced by allergies. This study was aimed to be the preliminary study regarding the level of IL-6 serum in atopic patients who were also having RAS. Methods: Thirty subjects were recruited and grouped into three groups with ten subjects each were group of atopic (dermatitis, allergic rhinitis, or bronchial asthma) with RAS, atopic without RAS, and control. Blood specimens were obtained with an approved institutional board review protocol. This research was cross-sectional research with consecutive sampling method conducted at Dr Hasan Sadikin Hospital Bandung. Results: There were significant differences in IL-6 log levels in all three groups (p < 0.001). The higher IL-6 levels in the group of atopic with RAS might be due to the influence of atopy because this condition can increase the acute inflammation of RAS. IL-6 is a pro-inflammatory marker found in the circulation of atopic and RAS patients. Conclusion: Serum IL-6 levels in the group of atopic patients with RAS is higher than in other groups. Keywords: Serum, IL-6, atopic, recurrent aphthous stomatitis

Introduction: Oral ulceration defines as discontinuity of the oral mucosa caused by the damage of both epithelium and lamina propria. Among other types of lesions, ulceration is the most commonly found lesion in the oral mucosa, especially in the outpatient unit. Oral Medicine Integrated Installation (OMII) Department in Universitas Padjadjaran Dental Hospital serves as the centre of oral health and education services, particularly in handling outpatient oral medicine cases. This research was the first study done in the Department which aimed to observe the distribution of oral ulceration in OMII Department university Dental Hospital. The data is essential in studying the epidemiology of the diseases. Methods: The research was a descriptive study using the patient’s medical data between 2010 and 2012. The data were recorded with Microsoft® Excel, then analysed and presented in the table and diagram using GraphPad Prism® Results: During the study, the distribution of oral ulceration cases found in OMII Department was 664 which comprises of traumatic ulcers, recurrent aphthous stomatitis, angular cheilitis, herpes simplex, herpes labialis, and herpes zoster. Additionally, more than 50% of the total case was recurrent aphthous stomatitis, with a precise number of 364. Conclusion: It can be concluded that the OMII Department in university Dental Hospital had been managing various oral ulceration cases, with the most abundant cases being recurrent aphthous stomatitis.

Objective: Pomegranate (punica granatum L.) seeds contain high of phytonutrients and phytochemicals, rich in polyphenol antioxidants namely tannins and flavonoids which also have antibacterial activity. Streptococcus sanguis is a bacterium known as one of the factors causing Recurrent Aphthous Stomatitis (RAS). To examine the potential antibacterial of pomegranate seeds against S. sanguis. Material and Methods:In vitro study of pomegranate seed were extracted with maceration method using 70% ethanol as the solvent to obtain stable extract, continued with phytochemical screening against phenolic, flavonoids, alkaloids, steroids, triterpenoid, saponins and tannins.

Objective. To investigate the DNA methylation using pyrosequencing and its effects on the upregulation of IL6 mRNA in patients with recurrent aphthous stomatitis (RAS) in connection with hematinic deficiency and atopy. Material and Methods. This cross-sectional study was conducted at Dr. Hasan Sadikin Hospital, Bandung, from January–March 2019 and was approved by the Health Research Ethics Committee of Universitas Padjadjaran (Ethics No. 990/UN6.KEP/EC/2018). Furthermore, the subjects had RAS ulcers with a history of at least twice a year along with atopy and dietary imbalance with no history of recurrent intraoral herpes or any systemic diseases. This study was performed on 23 RAS patients and 21 healthy subjects, and the sampling was carried out consecutively. The blood samples were collected from all the subjects, and then, the DNA and RNA were extracted from the peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). Consequently, the bisulfite-modified DNA was used to confirm the methylation status of the IL6 gene promoter through the pyrosequencing method. The methylation levels of the IL6 promoter were assessed by a reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction technique. The gene expression of RAS and the control group was analyzed by the 2−ΔΔCT method. The statistical analysis using the Mann–Whitney U test was conducted to evaluate IL6 mRNA levels and DNA methylation with p value <0.05 considered to be statistically significant. Result. The IL6 mRNA levels were approximately 1.88-fold in RAS patients, and there was a significant relationship between the expression of the IL6 gene and the increased risk of RAS p < 0.001 . It was reported that four out of six sites in the cytosine phosphate guanine (CpG) island IL6 promoter had a lower degree of methylation, and two other sites in patients with RAS had greater methylation compared with control, but not statistically significant. Conclusion. This study showed the upregulation of IL6 mRNA levels in RAS patients compared to control. DNA methylation in the present study is at sites 566–658, whereas the location of the IL6 promoter is at sites 1–1684. Thus, it would be necessary conducting some research at other CpG sites of IL6 promoter islands to determine the status of DNA methylation.