Xenobiotics-mediated environmental stress is an important determining factor in the maintenance of fish health as fishes are frequently exposed to such components. Increasing evidences indicate that acute and chronic xenobiotic exposure modulates ROS production, suppresses immune response and increase the incidence of fish diseases. In the present context an attempt has been made to study the in vivo effect of different concentrations of CuSO(4) (0.5, 1.00 or 2.00 ppm) on lipid peroxidation (an index of oxidative stress) and non enzymatic antioxidant status (glutathione and Ascorbic acid), in the muscle of a widely consumed freshwater fish Labeo rohita. From the out come of this study it is concluded that comparatively low dose of copper (0.5 ppm) induce mild oxidative stress in the experimental fish with concomitant elevation of GSH and AsA content of the muscle. However, high concentration of CuSO(4) (2.00 ppm) in the ambient water leads to severe oxidative stress manifested in the form of LPX and morphoanatomical alteration.
The aim of the study was to characterize the probiotic qualities and siderophore production of
Enterococcus
and
Bacillus
isolates for possible application for iron nutrition in human and animals strains were selectively isolated from different dairy sources and infant faecal matter. Isolates SB10, JC13 and IFM22 were found to produce maximum siderophore ranging from 65–90% at an optimum pH 7, incubation period of 96 h, agitation speed of 150 rpm and inoculum volume of 15%. SB10 and JC13 were found to show high homology with
Enterococcus
spp. and IFM22 with
Bacillus
spp., using partial 16S rRNA sequencing and biochemical characterization. All the three isolates produced hydroxymate type of siderophores under iron stressed conditions and screened for probiotic characters as per WHO guidelines. Strains have shown excellent tolerance to acid, bile salt, sodium chloride and phenol. They were non-haemolytic in nature and exhibited high hydrophobicity and autoaggregation. Our isolates proved to be potent probiotic strains due to their survival under highly acidic conditions and higher tolerance to bile salt. In addition, its colonization efficiency was proved by exhibiting high autoaggregation and hydrophobicity.
Amphibian and reptiles are weather sensitive, poikilothermic group of animals, and their occurrence varies with the change in seasons. Present study was conducted in Ramnagar Forest Division of Uttarakhand state of India. Ramnagar Forest Division is the western part of Terai Arc Landscape which is an important ecoregion of the world. Sampling was done with Visual Encounter Surveys along with other methods, in all the seasons of a year. A total of 47 species of herpetofauna was recorded in the study, including 10 species of frogs, 13 species of lizards, 20 species of snakes and 4 species of testudines. The maximum number of herpetofauna species was observed during monsoon season, while the least number species were found in winters. The general pattern of herpetofauna species richness that observed in Ramnagar Forest Division was, found to be highest in monsoons, which then started decreasing in autumns and a rapid decrease was noticed in pre-winter and reached minimum in winters. In springs it started rising again and continue to rise in summers to reached maximum in monsoons
The lizard Psammophilus (Reptilia: Diapsida: Agamidae) is commonly called as rock lizard. It has only been reported that female P. blanfordanus is a seasonal breeder otherwise research on its reproduction is limited. Therefore, to investigate the relationship between environmental and reproductive behaviour, studies on gonadosomatic index (GSI), histology and histometry of ovary and oviduct were undertaken. The GSI, relative weight of ovaries (ROW) and oviducts (ROiW) are highest during the breeding season. The ROW and ROiW are positively correlated with temperature, rainfall and relative humidity (RH). The histology and histometry of ovary and oviducts show that the breeding season in this animal is from April to June/July and sometimes extends to early August. During this period the diameter of oocyte, oviduct and oviduct glandular layer is increased. The thicknessof oviduct glandular is also increased but thickness of oviduct muscle layer is decreased. The reproductive cycle of this animal is associate type. The study will be helpful in understanding its evolutionary adaptability to different seasons.
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