Rice blast Pyricularia oryzae Cav. has bad effect on rice and decreases its yield every year. Present investigation was aimed to evaluate the comparative efficacy of different fungicides for blast management in rice crop under agro-climatic conditions of Pakistan. This experiment was conducted following the randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. Five fungicides were used for blast management in rice crop. The fungicides viz., Recado 32.5% SC @ 200 ml/acre, Thrill 20% WP @ 250 g per acre, Nativo 75% WP @ 65 g/acre, Recado Ultra 40% SC @ 200 ml/acre and Amistar Top 325 SC @ 200 ml/Acre. For each treatment, there were three replications. The significantly affected parameters were percent disease intensity (PDI), plant height (cm), number of tillers (m-2), number of grains (m-2) and grain yield (kg ha-1). The results showed that maximum yield was recorded for Nativo 75% WP whereas minimum yield was for control plot. The fungicide Nativo 75% WP @65 g a.i. per acre was applied at performed well and exhibited effectively blast control and better yield in rice. Minimum percent disease intensity (11.16%) was observed in treatment of Nativo 75% WP whereas maximum (58.50%) percent disease intensity was in control treatment. Maximum plant height (88.83 cm) was recorded for Nativo 75% WP. Similarly, maximum number of tillers recorded for Nativo 75% WP were 164 m-2. The maximum value of grain yields of 4403.32 kg ha-1 was observed in Nativo 75% WP treated plots followed by Amistar Top 325 SC.
Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is one of the key crops of Pakistan which contribute 1.7% shares in GDP. Numerous factors are responsible for poor quality and low yield of rice; insect pests are one of those. White-backed plant hopper Sogatella furcifera is one of the most threatening pest of rice crop. During this research the relative efficacy of eco-friendly formulation of Beauveria bassiana (1.3×10 6 conidia/mL), Potassium silicate (50mg/L), Imidacloprid (75mL/acre) alone and in combination was observed for sustainable management of S. furcifera. The estimated parameters were population density of S. furcifera and percent infestation losses. Data were recorded after first and second spray at different time intervals (2, 5, 10, 15 and 20DAT*). All treatments significantly suppressed the population of S. furcifera owing to their specific mode of action. The combined application of Beauveria bassiana, Potassium silicate and Imidacloprid gave more promising results as compared to other treatments. So, all these IPM strategies were strongly effective to suppress the population of S. furcifera and losses caused by them.
The Chrysoperla carnea (Green lacewing) is an important predator of soft bodied insect pests of different crops like wheat, Maize, Cotton and others in Pakistan. Morphology, behavior and ecophysiology studies of Chrysoperla carnea were examined by the researcher while molecular study had not been checked. In this experiment the aim was to expand the studies up to molecular level to examine the systematic of Chrysoperla carnea. The results indicated that the level of DNA variation was high among the five Chrysoperla carnea species. Therefore, RAPD markers can be used successfully for the identification of Chrysoperla carnea species. The genetic similarity matrix of RAPD data for the five Chrysoperla carnea species was constructed. The genetic similarities of these lacewing species were ranging from 55% to 82%. Genetic similarity co-efficient for the five C. carnea species were utilized for the construction of a dandrogram by the UPGMA method. Since DNA polymorphism between the five green lace wing species is high (45%) as revealed by RAPD analysis. Dandrogram analysis showed a wide range of groupings for genetic similarity among five C. carnea species.
Trichogramma (Hymenoptera; Trichogrammatidae) is a genus of parasitic wasps that are powerful biocontrol agents against a variety of insect pests. These biological control agents retain their importance due to their easy mass rearing, high searching ability and effectiveness against many crop insect pests. In this study the toxicological effect of seven insecticides viz Flubendiamide (Belt 480 SC)@ 500 ul/l, Pyriproxyfen (Priority 10.8 EC) @ 2000 µl/l, Chlorantraniliprole + Thiamethoxam (Voliam Flexi 300 SC) @ 800µl/l, Nitenpyram (Pyramid 10% AS) @ 2000 µl/l, Lufenuron (Match)@ 2000 µl/l, Chlorantraniliprole (Coragen 20% SC) @ 200 µl/l and Flonicamid (Ulala50% WG) @ 60 mg/l were evaluated on the viability of parasitized eggs, survival and parasitism efficacy of Trichogramma chilonis under controlled conditions at toxicology laboratory Entomo-
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