Coffee leaf rust, caused by Hemileia vastatrix, is the most devastating disease of coffee. Since limited information is available in the literature on silicon (Si) affecting plant diseases in coffee, this study was designed to investigate foliar application of potassium silicate (PS), a source of soluble (Si), on infection process of coffee leaf rust at the microscopic level. The foliar Si concentration for plants sprayed with water and PS has no significant difference (0.24 and 0.30 dag kg −1 , respectively). X-ray microanalysis indicated that the deposition of Si on the leaves of the plants that were sprayed with PS was greater in comparison to the leaf samples from the plants sprayed with water. Rust severity on leaves of plants sprayed with water or sprayed with PS reached 44% and 32%, respectively, at 36 days after inoculation (dai). Plates of polymerised PS were observed on the leaf surfaces of the plants sprayed with the product, in contrast to its absence on the leaf surfaces of plants sprayed with water. At 36 dai, a greater number of uredia were observed on the leaf surfaces of plants sprayed with water in comparison to the leaf surfaces of plants sprayed with PS. On fractured leaf tissues that were sprayed with PS, less fungal colonisation was observed in comparison to the leaves of plants sprayed with water. In conclusion, the results of this study suggest that the effect of foliar-applied Si on the control of the coffee leaf rust development may be attributed to the physical role of the polymerised PS, its osmotic effect against urediniospores germination, or both.
RESUMOA absorção do cálcio e do fósforo por raízes destacadas da soja var. IAC-2 foi estudada com ajuda de traçadores. Foram verificados os efeitos da concentração iônica externa do tempo, do pH, da temperatura, da aeração e de venenos respiratórios. Os dados sugerem que a absorção do cálcio tenha se dado passivamente, sendo ativa a do fósforo. A absorção cresceu com o pH e a temperatura. Os valores das constantes de Michaelis encontrados concordam com os da literatura. INTRODUÇÃOEntre as numerosas revisões da literatura sobre a absorção iônica pelas plantas destacam-se algumas mais recentes pelo seu aspecto didático e abrangente: HIGINBOTHAM (1973), HODGES 1973, GAUSH (1972, pp. 61-175), NISSEN (1974), HELLER (1974), HEWITT Ε SMITH (1974, pp. 72-104), EPSTEIN (1975, pp. 73-125). É pertinente ao presente trabalho o seguinte resumo que diz respeito à absorção do cálcio e fósforo e aos fatores que nela influem. * Com ajuda da FAPESP, CNEN, CAPES e BNDE.Entregue para publicação em 16/12/1976.
Efficiency of different molecules on the reduction of sheath blight symptoms in rice and on Rhizoctonia solani growth in vitroThis study aimed to test the efficiency of different molecules on the reduction of the relative lesion extension (RLE) of sheath blight in rice. Plants of cultivars BR-Irga 409 and Labelle were grown in nutrient solution and inoculated with Rhizoctonia solani at the maximum tillering stage. At 24 hours before inoculation, sheaths of plants were sprayed with solutions of potassium silicate (PS), potassium silicate + phosphorus (PS+P), Acibenzolar-S-Methyl (ASM), Carbendazim fungicide, deacetylated chitosan (DC), ethylene (ET) and potassium phosphite (PP). Sheaths from plants sprayed with water served as the control treatment. The effect of these products on R. solani mycelia growth was also studied in vitro. For BR-Irga 409, the RLE was lower with the application of PP compared with the other treatments, except the Carbendazim. The application of Carbendazim reduced in 86.1% the RLE in comparison with the control. The RLE was lower for BR-Irga 409 than for Labell with the application of PP. Mycelia growth of R. solani was inhibited only by PP and Carbendazim in comparison with the other treatments. There was no significant difference among the treatments control, PS, and PS+P for silicon concentration on sheaths of plants of the two cultivars. Este estudo verificou a eficiência da aplicação de diferentes moléculas em reduzir o comprimento relativo da lesão (CRL) da queima das bainhas em arroz. Plantas dos cultivares BR-Irga 409 e Labelle foram cultivadas em solução nutritiva e inoculadas com Rhizoctonia solani, no estádio de máximo perfilhamento. Às 24 horas antes da inoculação, as bainhas das plantas foram pulverizadas com soluções de silicato de potássio (SP), silicato de potássio + fósforo (SP+F), Acibenzolar-S-Metil (ASM), fungicida Carbendazim, quitosana desacetilada (QD), etileno (ET) e fosfito de potássio (FP). Plantas cujas bainhas foram pulverizadas com água destilada serviram como testemunhas. O efeito das moléculas contidas nesses produtos no crescimento micelial de R. solani foi testado in vitro. Para BR-Irga 409, o CRL foi menor com a aplicação do FP, em relação aos demais tratamentos, exceto o Carbendazim. A aplicação do Carbendazim reduziu em 86,1% o CRL, em relação à testemunha. O CRL foi significativamente menor no cultivar BR-Irga 409 do que no 'Labelle', com aplicação do FP. O crescimento micelial de R. solani foi reduzido apenas pelo FP e Carbendazim, em comparação com os demais tratamentos. Não houve diferença significativa entre os tratamentos testemunha, SP e SP+F para a concentração de Si nas bainhas das plantas dos dois cultivares.Palavras-chave: indução de resistência, indutores, Oryza sativa, Rhizoctonia solani, silicatos.
RESUMOEste trabalho objetivou associar a deposição de silício (Si) nas bainhas de plantas de arroz ao aumento da resistência física à infecção por Rhizoctonia solani. Plantas das cultivares suscetíveis BR-Irga 409 e Labelle foram cultivadas em solução nutritiva contendo (+Si) ou não (-Si) Si. A concentração de Si nas bainhas das plantas supridas com Si e inoculadas com R. solani aumentou significativamente em relação às plantas não supridas com Si reduzindo o comprimento relativo da lesão às 96 horas após inoculação (hai). Houve diferença significativa entre os tratamentos -Si e +Si quanto à força necessária para uma agulha metálica atravessar as bainhas às 48 e 72 hai. A maior resistência física às 24 hai deve-se ao fato de que R. solani estava crescendo sobre o tecido sem destruí-lo, o que pôde ser comprovado pela ausência de sintomas. Após esse período, a resistência diminuiu devido ao rápido crescimento de R. solani. Entretanto, nas bainhas de plantas supridas com Si, a força necessária para a agulha penetrar foi maior às 48 e 72 hai. A resistência das bainhas de plantas supridas com Si à infecção por R. solani pode ser explicada, em parte, pela maior resistência física decorrente da deposição desse elemento. Palavras-chave: Oryza sativa, escleródios, queima das bainhas, punctura. ABSTRACT Physical resistance of leaf sheaths of rice plants supplied with silicon and infected by Rhizoctonia solaniThis study aimed to associate the silicon (Si) deposition on sheaths of rice plants with an increase in physical resistance against infection by Rhizoctonia solani. Plants from the susceptible cultivars BR-Irga 409 and Labelle were grown in nutrient solution containing (+Si) or not (-Si) Si. Si concentration on sheaths of plants supplied with Si and inoculated with R. solani significantly increased compared to plants non-supplied with Si, reducing the relative lesion length at 96 hours after inoculation (hai). There were significant differences between -Si and +Si treatments for the force required of a metal needle to pass through the sheaths at 48 and 72 hai. The greater physical resistance at 24 hai was due to the fact that R. solani was growing on sheath tissue without destroying it, which could be proved by the absence of symptoms. After this period, the resistance decreased due to the rapid R. solani growth. However, on sheaths of plants supplied with Si, the force required for the needle to penetrate was higher at 48 and 72 hai. The sheath resistance of plants supplied with Si to infection by R. solani can be explained partly by the greater physical resistance due to Si deposition.
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