Norian, R., N. Afzal Ahangran, H. R. Varshovi & A. Azadmehr, 2019. Comparative efficacy of two heterologous capripox vaccines to control lumpy skin disease in cattle. Bulg. J. Vet. Med., 22, No 2,[171][172][173][174][175][176][177][178][179] This longitudinal study was performed for field trial of heterologous vaccine strains of lumpy skin disease (LSD) to provide details on the characteristics of induced immune responses by measurement of specific antibody and target cytokines -critical parameters in immune response that can be related to the durability of protection. The experimental calves were vaccinated with Gorgan-GPV and RM/65-SPV vaccines and humoral and cellular immunity were evaluated weekly. In each vaccinated groups, cross-neutralising antibody titers against LSD virus (LSDV) could be detected, and this rate in GGPV-vaccinated calves (GC) was higher than RSPV-vaccinated calves (RC) in all weeks of experiments. The stimulation index and IFN-γ and IL-4 production in response to homologous virus were higher than to the heterologous virus in all time points. The highest difference between them was observed in RVC, and a significant difference were only shown at 21-day post vaccination (DPV) (P<0.001). The results of this study indicated that GGPV-vaccine had a good immunogenic response due to induction of high antibody titre and higher lymphocyte proliferation and IFN-γ and IL-4 production. Therefore, it was considered suitable to control LSD.

Aims: Bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells have therapeutic potentials due to their immunomodulatory properties. Estrogen is also an immunomodulator. The current study was to analyze the effect of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells' supernatant of male rats adjacent with estrogen on the function and survival of neutrophils. Materials & Methods: In this experimental study, mesenchymal stem cells isolated from the femur and tibia of the bone marrow of male 6-8 week old rats were cultured in DMEM. After maturation, the supernatant of the mesenchymal stem cells treated with estrogen (10nM and 20nM) and cultured for 72 hours at 37°C. Then, the mesenchymal stem cells were co-cultured with the peripheral blood neutrophils and the neutrophil functions were measured by phagocytosis and respiratory burst (Nitro Blue Tetrazolium resuscitation) tests. The viability of neutrophils was measured with acridine-orange fluorescent staining. Data were analyzed by SPSS 18 software, using independent T, one way ANOVA and Tukey tests. Findings: The respiratory burst in the groups treated with 10nM and 20nM of estrogen showed significant difference compared with the control group. The percentage of phagocytosis in the groups treated with 10nM and 20nM of estrogen were significantly increased compared with the control group. There was a significant difference between the percentage of phagocytosis of 10nM and 20nm groups (p<0.05). The apoptosis level in the groups treated with 10nM and 20nM of estrogen showed significant difference compared with the control group. Conclusion: Supernatant of mesenchymal stem cells treated with estrogen increases the phagocytosis potential and respiratory explosion of neutrophils.