Norian, R., N. Afzal Ahangran, H. R. Varshovi & A. Azadmehr, 2019. Comparative efficacy of two heterologous capripox vaccines to control lumpy skin disease in cattle. Bulg. J. Vet. Med., 22, No 2,[171][172][173][174][175][176][177][178][179] This longitudinal study was performed for field trial of heterologous vaccine strains of lumpy skin disease (LSD) to provide details on the characteristics of induced immune responses by measurement of specific antibody and target cytokines -critical parameters in immune response that can be related to the durability of protection. The experimental calves were vaccinated with Gorgan-GPV and RM/65-SPV vaccines and humoral and cellular immunity were evaluated weekly. In each vaccinated groups, cross-neutralising antibody titers against LSD virus (LSDV) could be detected, and this rate in GGPV-vaccinated calves (GC) was higher than RSPV-vaccinated calves (RC) in all weeks of experiments. The stimulation index and IFN-γ and IL-4 production in response to homologous virus were higher than to the heterologous virus in all time points. The highest difference between them was observed in RVC, and a significant difference were only shown at 21-day post vaccination (DPV) (P<0.001). The results of this study indicated that GGPV-vaccine had a good immunogenic response due to induction of high antibody titre and higher lymphocyte proliferation and IFN-γ and IL-4 production. Therefore, it was considered suitable to control LSD.
Camelpox virus (genus Orthopoxvirus, family Poxviridae) is the etiologic agent of camel pox. The clinical manifestations of this virus range from inapparent infection to mild, moderate and, less commonly, severe systemic infection and death. Following an outbreak of camelpox, samples that were collected from camel flocks suspected to have camelpox in Qom Province in central Iran and Khash city, Sistan and Baluchestan Province and South Khorasan Province in eastern Iran were sent to Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute in Mashhad. DNA extraction was performed primarily by the phenol-chloroform method, and PCR was carried out using a Bioneer kit. Using the primer pair 5'-AAT-ACA-AGG-AGG-ATC-T-3' and 5'-CTT-AAC-TTT-TTC-TTT-CTC-3', the gene sequence encoding the A-type inclusion protein (ATIP) was amplified. The size of the PCR product, specific for camelpox virus, was 881 bp. The PCR product was purified, and to confirm its sequence, it was sent to the reference laboratory. The sequence was subjected to a BLAST search and then phylogenetically analyzed using CLC software. The results showed that all samples were nearly 100 % identical to each other and to strains CMS and M-96. These isolates also had 99 % and 95 % similarity to the CP-1 strain and isolate FIN/T2000, respectively. In Vero cell culture, inoculation with this virus caused a cytopathic effect (CPE), which appeared 2-5 days post-inoculation. Characteristic CPE showing foci of rounded cells, ballooning, giant-cell formation and syncytia with degenerative changes appeared.
Background: The analysis of antigen-specific cytokine expression has been considered to evaluate the immune responses and vaccines efficacy in recent years. The aim of this study was to compare the cell-mediated immune response characteristics of two Capri pox virus (CaPV) vaccines against lumpy skin disease in cattle. Materials and Methods: Two Capri pox virus vaccines were administered to dairy cows of two farms and followed up to 5 weeks post vaccination. These vaccines were live attenuated Goat pox virus (GTP) Gorgan strain (n=20) and Sheep pox virus (SPP) Romanian strain (n=20). Cell-mediated immune response of vaccinated calves was evaluated using in vitro lymphocyte proliferation and IFN- and IL-4 release assay after stimulation with recall vaccine strains, and in vivo cytokine expression in PBMCs by real-time PCR. Results: Lymphocyte proliferation in GTP-and SPP-vaccinated groups began to increase till reached to its peak at third week post vaccination and then decreased in the weeks thereafter. Stimulation index in stimulated PBMCs in GTPvaccinated calves was higher than SPP-vaccinated calves in all weeks, which indicated higher levels of immunogenicity produced by the GTP-vaccine in cattle. Also, in both vaccinated groups the peak release of IFN- and IL-4 proteins in cultured PBMCs in response to recall antigen was detected at week 3 post vaccination. Although the mean of the cytokine release in GTP-vaccinated calves was higher than SPP-vaccinated calves in all weeks of experiment, a significant difference was only observed at week 3 post vaccination (P<0.05). In contrast, the IFN- mRNA expression in PBMCs of vaccinated groups was induced early, peaked at week 1 post vaccination and decreased in the weeks thereafter, and this rate was higher in GTP-vaccinated calves compared with SPP-vaccinated calves in all weeks, but the significant difference was only found at week 3 post vaccination (P<0.05). However, the IL-4 mRNA expression showed delayed induction and peaked at week 3, and unlike the SPP group, it remained at this level in GTP group, until the end of experiment. Also this rate of expression in GTP-vaccinated calves was higher than SPP-vaccinated calves in all weeks and had a significant increase at week 5 post vaccination (P<0.05). Conclusion:The findings show that due to induction of high level cell-mediated immune response in live attenuated GTP vaccine compared to SPP vaccine, GTP vaccine has a good immunogenic response, and therefore can be a better choice for vaccination against lumpy skin disease.
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