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Pasteurella multocida is a Gram-negative bacterium that causes drastic infections in cattle and humans. In this study, 55 isolates were recovered from 115 nasal swabs from apparently healthy and diseased cattle and humans in Minufiya and Qalyubia, Egypt. These isolates were confirmed by kmt1 existence, and molecular classification of the capsular types showed that types B, D, and E represented 23/55 (41.8%), 21/55 (38.1%), and 11/55 (20.0%), respectively. The isolates were screened for five virulence genes with hgbA, hgbB, and ptfA detected in 28/55 (50.9%), 30/55 (54.5%), and 25/55 (45.5%), respectively. We detected 17 capsular and virulence gene combinations with a discriminatory power (DI) of 0.9286; the most prevalent profiles were dcbF type D and dcbF type D, hgbA, hgbB, and ptfA, which represented 8/55 (14.5%) each. These strains exhibited high ranges of multiple antimicrobial resistance indices; the lowest resistances were against chloramphenicol, ciprofloxacin, amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, and levofloxacin. The macrolide–lincosamide–streptogramin B methylase gene erm(Q), with erm(42) encoding MLSB monomethyltransferase, mph(E) encoding a macrolide efflux pump, and msr(E) encoding macrolide-inactivating phosphotransferase were present. The class 1 and 2 integrons and extended-spectrum β-lactamase genes intl1, intl2, blaCTX-M, blaCTX-M-1, and blaTEM were detected. It is obvious to state that co-occurrence of resistance genes resulted in multiple drug-resistant phenotypes. The identified isolates were virulent, genetically diverse, and resistant to antimicrobials, highlighting the potential risk to livestock and humans.

Foot and mouth disease is the most contagious disease of mammals and has a great potential for causing severe economic loss in susceptible cloven-hoofed animals. Routine prophylactic vaccination in Egypt from 2012 till now has been conducted with Trivalent and/or hexavalent vaccine of MERIAL, against virus strains (O manisa + O-3039 + A Iran 05 + A Saudi 95 + Asia 1 + Sat2). This study aimed to evaluate the hemato-biochemical and immunological changes associated with the use of hexavalent vaccine alone or in combination with trivalent FMD vaccine. This study was carried out on 24 cattle divided into three groups eight cattle each. Group I served as control. Group II were selected from farms vaccinated with hexavalent FMD vaccine. Group III were selected from farms vaccinated with a combination of trivalent and hexavalent FMD vaccine. The results showed that both vaccinated groups showed a significant increase in total leukocytic count. Sera from hexavalent-trivalent vaccinated cattle demonstrated a significant increase in serum cortisol concentrations. Significant increase in serum activity of aspartate aminotransferase was recorded in animals vaccinated with a combination of hexavalent and trivalent vaccine. In addition, both regimes resulted in a significant increase in serum blood urea nitrogen compared to control. Both regimes induced a significant increase in serum levels of ceruloplasmin while phagocytic activity S. M. Shawky et al. 17 of neutrophils and phagocytic index was enhanced only by the hexavalent vaccine. Both vaccinated groups had significantly increased serum values of gamma globulins. These results suggested that hexavalent vaccine produced higher levels of safety and protective effects against FMD in cattle as compared to those produced by a combination of hexavalent and trivalent vaccines. It is also advisable to include the hexavalent vaccine within the program of obligatory and imperative vaccination against FMD.

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Background: Cerebral palsy (CP) is the common movement disorder in children associated with life-long disability and multiple impairments. Their clinical manifestations vary among children and have a broad spectrum. Numerous physical therapy techniques are currently used for treatment as kinesio taping (KT) and electrical stimulation (ES) program training for anterior tibial group muscles. Purpose: This study aimed to evaluate and compare the outcomes of using those techniques on balance in cerebral palsy children. Methods: Sixty spastic CP children, their age ranged from four to six years were randomized and split equally between the diplegic CP group (15 received KT; eight boys, seven girls with mean±standard deviation 4.9±0.60 years and 15 received ES; six boys, nine girls with mean± standard deviation 4.92±0.78 years), and hemiparetic CP group (15 received KT; eight boys, seven girls with mean±standard deviation 4.83±0.49 years and 15 received ES; six boys, nine girls with mean age 4.49±0.37 years).Participants were evaluated with the Biodex system before and after six months of treatment. Results: Significant improvement was observed in the measured variables of the two groups when comparing their pre and post treatment mean values, significant improvement in comparing post treatment results in favor of KT in diplegic children and in favor of ES in hemiparetic children. Conclusion: Kinesio taping and electrical stimulation can be useful options to promote balance of children with CP with more pronounced effect of KT in diplegic type and ES in hemiparetic type.

Background: Torsional disorders and flexed knee gait are frequently pronounced in spastic diplegic cerebral palsy (CP) children. Identification of these anomalies is essential as they affect postural control and balance reactions. Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the relation between femoral anteversion(FA) angle, knee angle and balance in spastic diplegic CP children. Methods: Cross-sectional correlational design utilizing a sample of 40 spastic diplegic children (21 girls and 19 boys). Their ages ranged from 5 to7 years with mean±standard deviation 6.04±0.47 years. FA, knee flexion angles and balance were measured by3-D axial CT scan, two digital cameras with the resultant captured video processed using Tracker Video Analysis and Pediatric Balance Scale, respectively. Results: Data analysis revealed that there were statistically significant moderate negative correlations between FA angles for both sides and balance scores. Strong statistically significant negative association was found between knee flexion angles and balance scores for both sides. The correlations between FA angles and knee flexion angles were found to be statistically significant strong positive association (p<0.05). Conclusion: Increased femoral anteversion has positive correlation with knee flexion angle and negative correlation with balance in diplegic CP children. These results provide objective information in formulation of rehabilitation strategies to select appropriate treatments for functional abnormalities.