INTRODUCTIONDiabetic retinopathy is a dreadful sight threatening complication. Every part of the eye is susceptible to the harmful effects of diabetes.Diabetes mellitus affects various systems of our body including the eyes, kidneys and the peripheral nerves. Retinal damage caused by changes in diabetes known as Diabetic retinopathy is an important cause of blindness and visual disability in the working age group. The number of people with retinopathy increases as the diabetic population as well as diabetic age increases. Small blood vessels and the capillaries of retina are damaged which results in weakening of the vessel wall and subsequent leakage of the blood elements, proteins and lipids. This results in the fundus picture of micro aneurysms, haemorrhages and exudates. At later stages the retina which is deprived of oxygen produces chemicals like vasoformative growth factors resulting in proliferation of abnormal new blood vessels into the vitreous which bleed into the vitreous with devastating ABSTRACT Background: The objective of this study is to evaluate epidemiological risk factors for development of diabetic retinopathy. Methods: The cases of type-2 diabetes mellitus attending Melaka Manipal medical college, Malaysia were retrospectively reviewed. The epidemiological characteristics of diabetic retinopathy were estimated. The cases were graded according to degree of retinopathy in to: non-diabetic retinopathy group and diabetic retinopathy. Clinical and biochemical studies were used for studying the risk factors associated with development of retinopathy. Results: The prevalence of diabetic retinopathy in the population was 21% in known diabetic subjects and was significantly higher in men than in women (21.3% vs. 14.6%) with increasing age and duration of diabetes. Ethnicity is a complex, independent risk factor for diabetic retinopathy. Sight threatening diabetic retinopathy, and clinically significant macular edema was higher in people of Malaysia (20%) when compared with Chinese (16%) and Indonesians (12%). In all, 55 percent of patients with known diabetes mellitus had never undergone an eye examination. Among patients who had undergone eye examinations, 32.8 percent had the last examination within the last one year, 49.8 percent within the last one to two years, and 17.4 percent more than two years ago. Conclusion: Diabetic retinopathy is highly prevalent in the patients with type-2 diabetes mellitus in Malaysia. Besides blood glucose, many factors are associated with the present and development of diabetic retinopathy.
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