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Background: Nephrotic syndrome is a clinical state that is common in preschool children includes massive proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia, hyperlipemia, and edema. Mothers are the primary care giver; if they have adequate knowledge and awareness about therapeutic facilities to treat children from nephrotic syndrome through educational program. The aim of the study: to evaluate the effect of educational program on knowledge and health care practices about nephrotic syndrome among mothers of preschool children. Design: pretest-posttest design was utilized to conduct this study. Setting: The study conducted in pediatric word at Minia University Hospital for Obstetrics and Pediatrics Sample: 50 mothers of preschool children about nephrotic syndrome. Tools: Pre-designed questionnaire sheet, sheet about reported practices and Educational program. Results: Result of this study showed significant improvement in mothers knowledge and health care practices about nephrotic syndrome in post/test. Conclusion: After program implementation there was remarkable improvement of mothers knowledge and health care practices about nephrotic syndrome. Recommendations: A developed program should be applied and repeat again in the same study setting.

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Background:The neonatal reactions to painful procedures are equal to but stronger than adult reactions, especially for an invasive procedure. Helfer skin tapping technique is an important intervention to be practiced by nurses and parents for effective pain management in children. Aim: To evaluate the effect of Helfer skin tap technique on reducing pain levels among newborns receiving the Hepatitis B-vaccine. Research design: Two groups post test quasi-experimental research design (control and study groups) was used in this study. Sample: A purposeful sample of 80 newborns was divided into two equal groups control and study group. Setting: The current study was conducted in the delivery unit at Minia General Hospital. Tools: Part 1: Personal characteristics of the newborn such as age/hours after birth, sex, and type of delivery. Part Ⅱ: Neonatal Infant Pain Scale (NIPS) for assessing pain level in newborns during and immediately after administration of hepatitis B-vaccine: Results: There was a reduction in the total mean scores of pain level in the study group were 2.0 and 1.7during and immediately after intramuscular injection of hepatitis B-vaccine respectively, while in control group means were 2.6 and 3.4 respectively with statistically significant differences. But no statistically significant differences between total pain level and the newborns' age, sex, and mode of delivery. Conclusion: The current study concluded that applying Helfer skin tapping technique is more effective for pain reduction among newborns receiving the hepatitis B -vaccine with statistically significant diffrences. There were no statistically significant differences between the level of pain and the newborn's demographic characteristics. Recommendations: Training programs on applying Helfer skin tap technique during vaccination of newborn infants should be conducted for nurses in the hospital setting as well as in immunization centers to reduce pain.

Background: Anemia is one of the most common hematological conditions of infancy and childhood. It has been recognized as a major health problem due to its negative impacts on mental and physical development during childhood. Anemia is the world's second leading cause of disability. Aim of the study: To assess the effect of chronic anemia on physical growth and development among children under five years.

Background: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is one of the most common endocrine and metabolic conditions in childhood. Objectives: to determine the effect of educational program on the adolescences children knowledge and reported practices with type 1 diabetes. Method: Design pretest -posttest design was utilized to conduct this study. Setting: study was conducted at outpatient clinic for diabetes at Minia University Hospital for Obstetrics and Pediatrics. Sample: 50 adolescences children with type 1 diabetes. Tools: Pre-designed questionnaire sheet and Educational and training program. Results: this study showed significant improvement in adolescences knowledge and reported practices in post/test I and II. Conclusion: after the implementation of the program, there was remarkable improvement of adolescences children knowledge and reported practices.Recommendations: a developed program should be applied and repeat again every 6 months in the same study setting and adopted in other similar settings with required modifications, provision of continuing education programs.

Background: Immediately after birth, the newborn should be placed in Skin-to-Skin Contact (SSC) with their mothers for at least an hour, and mothers should be assisted to initiate breastfeeding their newborns within the first half-hour. Objective is to explore the effect of skin-toskin contact between mothers and newborns at birth on temperature, oxygen saturation, and initiation of breast feeding. Method: A quasi-experimental design was utilized on the current study. Sample and setting: 300 mothers and their newborns were included as purposive sample in the delivery room at Minia University Hospital for Obstetrics and Pediatrics and Minia General Hospital. They divided randomly into two groups 150 for skin-to-skin contact (the study group) and 150 for the routine care (the control group). Tools: Data collection requires only one tool including four parts formed up a structured interview questionnaire: Part (1), assessed the personal and obstetric data of the mothers' Part (2) assessed the newborns data. Part (3) assessed the newborns auxiliary temperature, oxygen saturation, time of initiating breast feeding and duration of the first breast fed lastly Part (4) assessed the LATCH breastfeeding assessment tool.Results: There was increase in axillary temperature stability, increase oxygen saturation SO2 more than 90% among newborns after birth, decreasing mean time to initiate breast feeding and increasing mean duration of the first breast fed among the skin-to-skin contact group than the routine care group. Conclusion: early skin-to-skin contact immediately after newborns birth led to auxiliary temperature stabilization, increase oxygen saturation more than 90%, early successful initiation of breast feeding and increasing the duration of the first breastfed.Recommendations: Continuous educational and training program concerning benefits and practice of SSC among health personnel is necessary. All stable newborns born at term via normal delivery should practice skin-to-skin contact soon after birth for at least the first primary hours of life with continual observation of mothers and newborns during early SSC.

Background: Computers and internet play a major role in our daily