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Background: Nephrotic syndrome is a clinical state that is common in preschool children includes massive proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia, hyperlipemia, and edema. Mothers are the primary care giver; if they have adequate knowledge and awareness about therapeutic facilities to treat children from nephrotic syndrome through educational program. The aim of the study: to evaluate the effect of educational program on knowledge and health care practices about nephrotic syndrome among mothers of preschool children. Design: pretest-posttest design was utilized to conduct this study. Setting: The study conducted in pediatric word at Minia University Hospital for Obstetrics and Pediatrics Sample: 50 mothers of preschool children about nephrotic syndrome. Tools: Pre-designed questionnaire sheet, sheet about reported practices and Educational program. Results: Result of this study showed significant improvement in mothers knowledge and health care practices about nephrotic syndrome in post/test. Conclusion: After program implementation there was remarkable improvement of mothers knowledge and health care practices about nephrotic syndrome. Recommendations: A developed program should be applied and repeat again in the same study setting.

Background:The neonatal reactions to painful procedures are equal to but stronger than adult reactions, especially for an invasive procedure. Helfer skin tapping technique is an important intervention to be practiced by nurses and parents for effective pain management in children. Aim: To evaluate the effect of Helfer skin tap technique on reducing pain levels among newborns receiving the Hepatitis B-vaccine. Research design: Two groups post test quasi-experimental research design (control and study groups) was used in this study. Sample: A purposeful sample of 80 newborns was divided into two equal groups control and study group. Setting: The current study was conducted in the delivery unit at Minia General Hospital. Tools: Part 1: Personal characteristics of the newborn such as age/hours after birth, sex, and type of delivery. Part Ⅱ: Neonatal Infant Pain Scale (NIPS) for assessing pain level in newborns during and immediately after administration of hepatitis B-vaccine: Results: There was a reduction in the total mean scores of pain level in the study group were 2.0 and 1.7during and immediately after intramuscular injection of hepatitis B-vaccine respectively, while in control group means were 2.6 and 3.4 respectively with statistically significant differences. But no statistically significant differences between total pain level and the newborns' age, sex, and mode of delivery. Conclusion: The current study concluded that applying Helfer skin tapping technique is more effective for pain reduction among newborns receiving the hepatitis B -vaccine with statistically significant diffrences. There were no statistically significant differences between the level of pain and the newborn's demographic characteristics. Recommendations: Training programs on applying Helfer skin tap technique during vaccination of newborn infants should be conducted for nurses in the hospital setting as well as in immunization centers to reduce pain.

Background: Anemia is one of the most common hematological conditions of infancy and childhood. It has been recognized as a major health problem due to its negative impacts on mental and physical development during childhood. Anemia is the world's second leading cause of disability. Aim of the study: To assess the effect of chronic anemia on physical growth and development among children under five years.