Pigments are compounds that are widely used in industries that come in a wide variety of colors, some of which are water-soluble. Nontoxic nature of pigment produced by a number of microorganisms make them environmentally friendly for utilization in dye, foodstuff, pharmacy, cosmetics and other industrial purposes. Moreover natural pigments produced from biological origin have medicinal importance as been used as antioxidant, antimicrobial, additives, color intensifiers, and anticancer as well as economically friendly. Some of Bacteria capable of producing pigment with different varieties of colors are Agrobacterium aurantiacum, Staphylococcus aureus, Chromobacterium violaceum, Serratia marcescens, Bacillus Spp, Flavobacterium sp, etc. colors are Pink-red, Golden Yellow, Purple, red, Creamy and yellow respectively. Industrial production of natural food colorants by microbial fermentation has several advantages such as cheaper production, easier extraction, higher yields through strain improvement, no lack of raw materials and no seasonal. Therefore the present study aimed at reviewing pigment produced by bacteria and its significance.

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Ethanol is an alternative fuel derived from renewable biological resources. It's a good substitute for gasoline in spark ignition engines. In this study, the sugar cane bagasse was chemically pretreated with 1% NaOH at room temperature for 2 hours. Dilute acid H 2 SO 4 and Aspergillus niger was used to hydrolyse the biomass to sucrose. Fermentation of the hydrolysed sample was done using Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The fermented product was purified by distillation process at 78 o C, and the fraction was collected, and the ethanol was determined by measuring the specific gravity. The production of ethanol from sugar cane bagasse with Saccharomyces cerevisiae was determined after the inoculation into sample A 1 , A 2 and B 1 and B 2 and highest ethanol produced were from B 1 with 0.090 followed B 2 0.074, A 2 with 0.069% and D 0.116. The use of Saccharomyces cerevisiae gives a better yield. The result of this study can be of a better application in the large production of biofuel from sugar cane bagasse which is renewable and highly abundant, it is saving costs by Original Research Article

The recovery of metagenome-assembled genomes is biased towards the most abundant species in a given community. To improve the identification of species, even if only dominant species are recovered, we investigated the integration of flow cytometry cell sorting with bioinformatics tools to recover metagenome-assembled genomes. We used a cell culture of a wastewater microbial community as our model system. Cells were separated based on fluorescence signals via flow cytometry cell sorting into sub-communities: dominant gates, low abundant gates, and outer gates into subsets of the original community. Metagenome sequencing was performed for all groups. The unsorted community was used as control. We recovered a total of 24 metagenome-assembled genomes (MAGs) representing 11 species-level genome operational taxonomic units (gOTUs). In addition, 57 ribosomal operational taxonomic units (rOTUs) affiliated with 29 taxa at species level were reconstructed from metagenomic libraries. Our approach suggests a two-fold increase in the resolution when comparing sorted and unsorted communities. Our results also indicate that species abundance is one determinant of genome recovery from metagenomes as we can recover taxa in the sorted libraries that are not present in the unsorted community. In conclusion, a combination of cell sorting and metagenomics allows the recovery of MAGs undetected without cell sorting.

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Significance The population ecology of microbial communities is still poorly understood and their notorious instability makes them impossible to control. Much of the instability is caused by the stochastic assembly of microorganisms, especially in highly diverse microbiomes where structural and hence functional changes occur rapidly due to the short generation time of their members. Usually, to maintain organismic proportions in communities, their niches are deterministically reinforced, but stochasticity strongly counteracts this. Based on metacommunity theory, a looped mass transfer was developed that uses the rescue effect to stabilize communities. This study fills a long-standing gap and enables continuous and proportionally equal growth of community members using an unprecedented operational design that addresses an acute need in the healthcare and biotechnology industries.

Aim of the Study: Waterborne diseases are global burden with the increase in a number of cases more especially in rural areas of developing countries. We investigated the epidemiological distribution of waterborne diseases and bacteriological quality of water in Bodinga Sokoto Nigeria. Research Design: The study used a retrospective design and determined the prevalence of some selected waterborne diseases and sanitary inspection. An experimental design was used for the determination of bacterial pollution in some water sources. Place and Duration: The study was conducted at the General Hospital Bodinga and Department of Microbiology Sokoto State University within the period of one year. Methods: A retrospective data of health records were collected from an out-patient register in Bodinga General Hospital, covered a period of three years from January to December (2015 -2017). A number of samples of water were collected from different sources in Bodinga, Danchadi, and Takatuku and were analyzed using the standard method. Results: We found the most common waterborne diseases in the area are dysentery, 517(40.7%) typhoid 375(29.5%), gastroenteritis 202(15.9%) and diarrhoea 105(8.3%), while skin infection and cholera account for 36(2.8%) each. We observed that the diseases are widely distributed in the rainy season with high occurrence of 732(57.59%) cases than a dry season having 539(42.41%) cases. Male are more prone to diseases with 706 cases than female having 565 cases and 25-above years, as well as Children below the age of 5, are more vulnerable to diseases with the occurrence of 481 and 331 respectively. Conclusion: This study suggests a possible strong relationship between waterborne diseases and poor water quality which contributed to the spread of diseases in the study area.

Various inevitable parameters have been studied, searching for prospect enhancement of amylase enzyme production using limited energy, time and resources. These parameters include microbes, culture conditions and carbon sources. The present study aimed at screening and optimization of soil bacteria for their ability to degrade starch and produce amylase enzyme. The starch agar plate method was used to screen bacteria and submerged fermentation was for enzyme production. The mean bacterial counts of samples from Kasarawa (KS), Runjin sambo (RS) and Kalambaina (KL) area were 4.5×106, 6.6×106 and 4.1×106 CFU/g respectively. The mean hydrolysis zone of RS 23.3mm was maximal followed by KL 16.8mm and KS 16.3mm in diameter. Morphological and biochemical characteristics of the screened isolate were identified as KS-1 (Bacillus subtilis), RS-1 (Bacillus licheniformis) and KL-2 (Bacillus cereus). Production of amylase enzyme depends on growth parameters and energy sources which enzyme activity was optimal at 48hrs and 72hrs for Bacillus licheniformis and Bacillus subtilis respectively. The increased in temperature showed increased in enzyme activity by three (3) of the bacterial species between 25 and 55°C. The enzyme activity ranged from B. subtilis 1.78 to 4.55, B. licheniformis 2.97 to 6.52 and B. cereus 1.31 to 3.03Uml-1. Meanwhile, all the isolates differed significantly. The enzyme activity of B. licheniformis was optimal at pH 7 (5.02Uml-1) and pH 8 (4.44Uml-1). The B. subtilis and B. cereus enzyme activity ranged from 2.04 to 4.85Uml-1 and 1.51 to 3.85Uml-1 respectively followed the same decreased trend as B. licheniformis. The best-observed carbon source was starch 5.67Uml-1 used by B. licheniformis, 3.89Uml-1 B. cereus and 3.55Uml-1 B. subtilis. In contrast, the nitrogen source was yeast extract utilized best by B. licheniformis 4.55Uml-1, B. subtilis 3.61Uml-1 and B. cereus 3.13Uml-1. The study presented Bacillus sp. 48hrs, 50°C, neutral pH, starch and yeast extract as the best parameters observed for amylase enzyme production.