No abstract

Several species of Xanthomonas cause bacterial leaf spot, a disease that affects solanaceous crops worldwide. The diversity of 64 Australian isolates of Xanthomonas spp. associated with bacterial leaf spot in tomato, capsicum and chilli crops in eastern Australia was determined using multi-locus sequence analysis of atpD, dnaK, efp and gyrB genes, species-specific PCR assays and biochemical analyses. At least five species of Xanthomonas associated with bacterial leaf spot were identified in Australian tomato, capsicum and chilli crops and their pathogenicity assessed. Phylogenetic and biochemical analyses identified X. euvesicatoria, X. perforans and X. vesicatoria as the most frequently recovered pathogenic species. Non-pathogenic and weakly pathogenic species were also identified. The suitability of the identification methods used and the implications of the detection of these species will be discussed.

Acibenzolar-S-methyl (ASM) is a plant activator that triggers systemic acquired resistance that is labeled for use in Brazil for managing tomato bacterial spot. The aim of this study was to define the optimum relationship between interval and number of applications of ASM for the most efficacious control of bacterial spot on processing tomato. Four intervals between applications (4, 7, 10, and 14 days) and four application frequencies (4, 6, 8, and 10 applications) were evaluated in five trials performed between 2010 and 2011 in Brasília, Distrito Federal, and in Morrinhos, in the state of Goiás. Copper hydroxide (CH) was applied after ASM applications to complete 13 applications per growing season. Two check treatments were added: standard CH weekly applications and untreated. The following variables were evaluated: severity of bacterial spot, yield, percentage of ripe and rotten fruit, soluble solids content, and the benefit/cost ratio. Disease severity varied between treatments in three trials and yield varied in two trials. A greater number of applications resulted in a reduction of bacterial spot, and the ideal interval between applications was between 8 to 10 days. However, there was a reduction in yield with 10 ASM applications. The temporal effect of ASM applications on bacterial spot severity was evaluated under greenhouse conditions. Reduction in disease severity was observed up to 6 days following ASM application. Additionally, the weekly treatment of seven applications of ASM followed by six applications of CH was compared with a standard program of CH under commercial production conditions in Itaberaí, Goiás, where bacterial spot occurred naturally. The program with ASM and CH resulted in significantly less foliar disease severity than the standard program, which did not result in yield gains. In addition, no differences were detected between the two programs for soluble solids content, industrial yield, plant height, and percentage of ripe and rotten fruit.

Biological insecticides can be another pest control method used in integrated pest management; hence there is a demand for scientific information about these products to understand the appropriate application technique. The aim of this study was to evaluate the spray spectra data by different nozzle types using biological insecticide isolated and with adjuvants, as well the surface tension of these spray solutions. For droplet spectra data, a particle size analyzer was used and for surface tension of the spray solution, the method of pendant drop was used. Among the nozzles tested, ADI 11002 provided greater droplets median diameter volume, a lower percentage of droplets with diameters less than 100 μm and also the highest coefficient of uniformity. In general, the addition of adjuvants reduced the median droplet diameter and increased the proportion of drops susceptible to spray drift. By adding adjuvants to the spray solution there was a lower surface tension, which were dependent of the adjuvant chemical group. The Silwet L-77® adjuvant showed the lowest surface tension among the spray solutions evaluated.

Irrigation management is essential to promote appropriate plant growth and guarantee production and quality of the tomatoes for processing, increases the efficiency of nutrients use and contributes to ensure the sustainability of the production chain. This study was installed to evaluate productive performance of two processing tomato hybrids submitted to five water depths under drip irrigation system. Five levels of crop evapotranspiration (ETc) replacement (60%, 100%, 140%, 180% and 220%) and two tomato hybrids (BRS Sena and H 9992) were tested. The experimental design was a 5×2 factorial arranged in randomized complete block design with four replications. During the crop cycle, hybrids BRS Sena and H 9992 needed 692.20 and 418.43 mm of water, yielding 80 and 44.06 t ha-1, respectively. For both hybrids, the higher water productivity was observed when lower levels of irrigation were applied. Higher productivities and pulp yields of ‘BRS Sena’ and ‘H 9992’ were noticed when replacing 150-166% and 99-101% ETc, respectively. We observed that improving the performance of processing hybrid tomatoes is possible by adjusting irrigation levels for each hybrid according to growing conditions.

A mancha-bacteriana e a begomovirose são exemplos de doenças importantes em tomate para processamento industrial no Brasil em que a disponibilização de cultivares com resistência é extremamente desejável. No presente trabalho foram conduzidos três ensaios (2010 e 2011) para avaliar híbridos comerciais e experimentais de tomate para processamento industrial em campo, com ocorrência de begomovirose (ensaios 1 e 3) e de mancha-bacteriana (ensaios 2 e 3). O delineamento experimental em 2010 foi blocos ao acaso e, em 2011, blocos ao acaso com parcelas subdivididas, cabendo à parcela a inoculação de Xanthomonas perforans e/ou X. gardneri (com e sem) e, à subparcela, os híbridos. A infecção por begomovírus foi natural. A severidade de ambas as doenças foi mensurada por atribuição visual de notas. Foi calculado a estimativa do efeito relativo de tratamento para severidade das doenças quando tomada em uma única avaliação (ensaios 1 e 2) e a Área Abaixo da Curva de Progresso da Mancha-bacteriana (AACPMab) para a severidade estimada em quatro datas (ensaio 3). Avaliou-se ainda a produtividade nos três ensaios. Foram observadas diferenças significativas entre os híbridos em relação à severidade das doenças estudadas (três ensaios) e produtividade (ensaios 2 e 3). Os híbridos BRS Sena, HF1-50 e BQ-210 tiveram melhor comportamento em relação à begomovirose no ensaio 1. Para a mancha-bacteriana (ensaio 2), sete híbridos tiveram estimativa do efeito relativo (ER) de tratamento inferior a 0,50, porém com muita sobreposição entre os intervalos de confiança. A produtividade variou de 33,7 (BQ 145) a 56,5 t/ha (BRS Sena). No ensaio 3, o híbrido BRS Sena novamente colocou-se entre os materiais com melhor desempenho para begomovirose, enquanto, em conjunto com os híbridos CVR 54, BA 5446 e HMX 7889, apresentou AACPMab significativamente menor que os materiais mais suscetíveis. Em seis híbridos a mancha-bacteriana reduziu significativamente (41,4% em média) a produtividade, que variou de 95,8 (AP 533) a 138,0 t/ha (BA 5446).

No abstract

No abstract