The polyethylene-thermoplastic (PE/TPS) based film was introduced many years ago, but the compatibility of PE/TPS still an issue because synthetic compatibilizer has a safety drawback. In this work, aloe vera (AV) was introduced as a compatibilizer to enhance stress and characteristics of PE/TPS film. This paper determines the optimum PE/TPS/AV film formulation using full factorial design (FFD) analysis. Melt blending and hot-press techniques were used to prepare the film. Four selected PE/TPS/AV samples were chosen to discuss mechanical properties, functional groups, thermal degradation, and thermal properties changes. Based on FFD, PE was the most significant material that caused substantial changes in the film's mechanical properties. Concurrently, the interaction between PE/TPS and TPS/AV significantly influenced the value of the secant modulus. The addition of AV into TPS improved the stress and reduced the strain. New peaks are present in TPS/AV that share the same functional group with PE. Thus, improving the stress of the film. The presence of AV caused peaks 2916 cm -1 and 2849 cm -1 of TPS to strengthen at once; the thermal degradation increases tremendously from 282 °C to 354.70 °C. The melting temperature showed a reduction when TPS/AV was added into PE, but the crystallization temperature did not significantly change. However, significant changes occurred for crystallization enthalpy when TPS/AV was incorporated in PE at once, affecting the degree of crystallinity. In conclusion, AV was suggested to act as a compatibilizer/crosslinker or plasticizer to improve PE film packaging properties.
Malaysia nowadays like all developing countries is facing an increase in the generation of municipal solid waste and the wastes are disposing at the landfill site. Poorly managed landfill creates emission of harmful gases to the environment and threatens public health. Methane and carbon dioxide are the major landfill gases that have been released to the environment. The main objectives of this study are to identify the compositions landfill gases and check their concentration before obtain human health risk assessment of the landfill. The gas collected at the landfill site was analyzed by using two methods of gas chromatography which are InHouse Method (GC-MSD) and In-House Method-TPH (GS-MSD) in order to identify the volatile organic compounds (VOCs) gases. From the study, out of 37 components of landfill gases, 2-methylpentane and benzene have the highest concentration with 5337 mg/m 3 and 1191.5 mg/m 3 ,respectively. Comparison of exposure concentration with NIOSH standards shows that 1,1-dichloroethene, methylene chloride (DCM), 2-nitropropane, trichloroethane (vinyl chloride), 1,3-dichloropropane, and trans-1,4-dichloro-2-butene are carcinogen. The knowledge of these concentrations is necessary to formulate air pollution control strategies and to avoid undesirable health impact due to exposure of VOCs gases at landfill.
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