A number of softwoods and hardwoods (beech, rubberwood, Corsican pine, Korean pine) were reacted with acetic anhydride to a variety of weight percentage gain (WPG) values and the volume change due to reaction was determined both by measurement of the external dimensions and by helium pycnometry. The volume change due to modification determined by helium pycnometry was found to be equal to that calculated, except for Corsican pine. The volume change as determined by the external dimensions was not a reliable method for determining cell-wall volume changes. The molar volume of the acetyl group in the cell wall was calculated over a range of WPG values, with volumes ranging from approximately 32 to 42 cm 3 mol -1 , depending on the wood species studied. The differences in acetyl molar volume observed between most wood species were significant.
The study was based on the adsorption principle of colour removal from POME using natural bio-sorbents Coconut Shell activated carbon (CS-AC) pre-treated by microwave irradiation. The effect of operating parameters such as pH, adsorbent dosage, and contact time was varied at different ranges: 2-8.5; 1-6 g and 1-8 hrs, respectively. It was observed that colour adsorption increased with increase in contact time. The maximum uptake of colour by the adsorbents occurred at pH 2. Also, the maximum percentage of colour removal of 95% was obtained at the optimum conditions for coconut shell-microwave (CS-MW) of 5 g/100 mL dosage, 5 hrs contact time and pH 2. The Freundlich and Langmuir isotherm linear model showed a strong correlation with the experimental data with an R 2 value of 0.9175 and 0.9892 for each of the respective model. This implies that the Langmuir isotherm model gave a better fit as indicated by the R 2 value. It can be concluded that the CSAC has a potential to be used as bio-sorbent for POME decolourization.
Rubber industry is one of major raw material for many industries around the world. Therefore, supplying quality raw material is major concern among the market player. The objectives of this paper is to formulate natural rubber latex (NRL) by addition of bio fillers and to determine the impact of bio fillers (rice husk ash and tacca starch) towards the tear strength and tensile strength of the film samples. Normally, filler compounded in NRL named carbon black filler is chemical based, expensive and difficult to handle. Blending method was applied whereby named as compounding process. The vulcanized NRL was blended with the bio fillers before manual dipping process applied to obtain the film. The bio filler loaded was 10 phr and 30 phr. The optimum concentration was found to be 10 phr of tacca starch, producing tensile stress at maximum load was 18 Mpa while elongation at break was 650%. In addition, tensile stress at 300 mm elongation was 2 Mpa and tear strength is 15 N/mm.
In this study, Zinc Oxide (ZnO) Nanoparticles (NPs) were synthesized from banana peels (Jackfruit banana) extract (BPE) at different pH condition. The samples were then characterized to identify the optimum pH condition for producing ZnO NPs and at the same time determine the crystallite and particles size of ZnO. This paper covered a section of green chemistry since green application has become an attention nowadays. Slo-gel method is the method used to synthesize the ZnO NPS because the advantages in terms of eco-friendly, less time consumption, cost effective and easy to apply. BPE is one of raw material that has the ability to act as stabilizer and reducing agent. The samples were characterized using Fourier Transform Infrared Red (FTIR) Spectroscopy, UV-visible spectrometer (UV-Vis), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Brunaner-Emmett-Teller (BET). It was found that the presence of ZnO were recorded from FTIR spectra at wavenumber 350-390 cm-1for all samples which indicating the presence of ZnO bond. The UV-Vis spectrometer was recorded to observe the absorption peak, the highest absorption peak at 367 nm and the band gap was 3.38 Ev at pH 12. XRD analysis showed the ZnO nanoparticles formed to have hexagonal wurtzite structure and the crystallite size between 16 to 23 nm and the smallest crystallite size was smallest at pH 12. BET analysis showed that the surface area of ZnO NPs between 15 to 53 m2/g and the average particles size of ZnO NPs between 20 to 66 nm. As a conclusion, ZnO NPs can be produced from BPE at optimum pH of 12.
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