The lichen biota of the Amadiya and Rowanduz districts in the Mountain physiogeographic region in Iraq was sampled in 2013. The samples provided 47 species belonging to 29 genera and 14 families. Among them 37 species are new records for Iraq. All species except Lichinella cribellifera and Thelidium sp. were found in Amadiya district whereas only 13 species occurred in Rowanduz district. Most of the species (59.5%) were crustose, while 27.6% were foliose, 12.7 % squamulose and none fruticose. The three most species-rich genera are Caloplaca with 7 species, Collema with 5 species and Aspicilia with 3 species; 6 genera were represented by 2 species and 20 by single species. All saxicolous lichens were calciphilic while the corticolous lichens were acidophilic. The most common and dominant species is Lecanora muralis, found in all 17 studied locations.
The aflatoxin producing fungi Aspergillus flavus, A. parasiticus, and A. nomius, although they are also produced by other species of Aspergillus as well as by Emericella spp.(Telemorph). There are many types of aflatoxins, but the four main ones are aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), aflatoxin B2 (AFB2), aflatoxin G1 (AFG1), and aflatoxin G2 (AFG2, while aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) and M2 (AFM2) are the hydroxylated metabolites of AFB1 and AFB2. Aflatoxin B1, which is a genotoxic hepatocarcinogen, which presumptively causes cancer by inducing DNA, adducts leading to genetic changes in target liver cells. Cytochrome-P450 enzymes to the reactive intermediate AFB1–8, 9 epoxide (AFBO) which binds to liver cell DNA, resulting in DNA adducts, metabolize AFB1 Ingestion of contaminated food is the main source of exposure to aflatoxins, which adversely affect the health of both humans and animals. The compounds can cause acute or chronic toxic effects of a teratogenic, mutagenic, carcinogenic, immunotoxic or hepatotoxic character. You can reduce your aflatoxin exposure by buying only major commercial brands of food and by discarding that look moldy, discolored, or shriveled.
The susceptibility of 8 cultivars of potato to infection by black leg disease was studied using artificial inoculation with 10-4 CFU/ml from isolated bacterial. The results showed that all cultivars were susceptible at different levels, under greenhouse and filed condition. Diamond was found to be the most susceptible cultivar to blackleg disease while Desiree was the least susceptible .Different method to treat the blackleg disease. The symptoms were reduction in the production of tubers and the appearance of infected of leaves and the reduction in different plant heights. The bacteria that cause this disease were isolated from potato tubers, shoots, soil and water. The mother tubers were found to be major source of inoculums for blackleg disease.
Microscopic examination showed that Erysiphe cichoracaerum is the causal agent of Milk thistle powdery mildew and its symptoms begin to appear in the middle of March. Plants sprayed with Neem (5%) had no effect on the percentage of chlorophyll, but reduced the severity percentage infection to 2.2, 50.0% respectively. The use of different concentrations of salicylic acid (SA) acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) led to an increase in wet and dry weight and higher plants hieght. One spray with 1 mmole ASA increased the wet weight to10.9 g. In the meantime, the dry weight differed significantly from other treatments except of 1 mmole SA once spray.
Introduction:The present study aims to determine the contamination of eighteen samples from different nuts and dried fruits from the markets of Mosul and Duhok city.Materials and Methods: This study included samples of local and imported nuts and dried fruits. Results:The study showed different genera of contaminant fungi such as Alternaria, Penicillium, and Aspergillus species which are very common fungi associated with samples. The most fungal contamination was found in pistachio and black raisins, followed by balahsisi, taffy raisins, yellow raisins, dried apricot and peanut with shell. A total of nine species of Aspergillus were isolated on (potato dextrose agar, malt extract agar and dichloran rose bengal agar) media A. niger, A. flavus, A. fumigatus, A. tamarii, A. aculeatus, A. parasiticus, A. oryzae, A. japonicus, A. ochraceus were detected from all types of nuts and dried fruits samples. The most frequent species were A. niger followed by A. flavus and A. fumigates with percentage frequencies of 45.2%, 20.3% and 13.9% respectively. The ability of toxicogenic fungi to produce AflatoxinB1 by ELISA test of Sunlong corporation in nuts and dried fruits samples ranged from 94.8 to 136.4 µg/kg, with the highest levels of ability to produce AflatoxinB1 in nuts samples (peanut with shell, sunflower seeds and walnut) at levels 135.8, 129.0, and 128.9 µg/kg respectively, while in dried fruits samples the highest ability to produce AflatoxinB1in dried apricot, taffy raisins and yellow raisins was at levels136.4,123.1 and 118.0 µg/kg, respectively.Conclusion: we conducted the fungal contamination and quantitative content of aflatoxin B1 in nuts and dried fruits notably those sold openly in food shops.
This study was conducted for the purpose of finding local isolates which produce the cellulase enzyme. Specific test was conducted to determined the ability of these isolates to produce cellulase on solid and liquid media, also to find out the best isolates producing this enzyme. A quantitative test was carried out find the best cellulose producing isolate, which was Alternaria alternate isolated from cowpea, as it produced 5.26mg glucose/60min /cm 3 and 0.315 mg/cm 3 glucose.
The present study was able to isolate eight different species and yeast of seed born fungi from carnation seed (Dianthus caryophyllus), six of which belong to the class Deuteromycetes, one to the class Ascomycetes, and one to the class Zygomycetes. The percentages of isolation were 7% Alternaria alternata , 1% Fusariun colmorum, and 1% F. oxysporum. The infection with these fungi caused reduction in the seed germination ratio to 28% and 16 % in the seed of the local cultivar and the red (Dwarf) with F.oxysporum respectively. while seeds of white cultivor (Doppio) exhibited ratios of 60% and 80% with both species of Fusarium. The biological controller Trichoderma herzianum had a clear effect on the growth of both species of the Fusarium and the antagonism degree 1.3 and 1.6 respectively. Fusarium oxysporum producd more polygalacturonase , pectatelyase and showed a clear zone 6 cm diameter around the fungal colony.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.
hi@scite.ai
10624 S. Eastern Ave., Ste. A-614
Henderson, NV 89052, USA
Copyright © 2024 scite LLC. All rights reserved.
Made with 💙 for researchers
Part of the Research Solutions Family.