The lichen biota of the Amadiya and Rowanduz districts in the Mountain physiogeographic region in Iraq was sampled in 2013. The samples provided 47 species belonging to 29 genera and 14 families. Among them 37 species are new records for Iraq. All species except Lichinella cribellifera and Thelidium sp. were found in Amadiya district whereas only 13 species occurred in Rowanduz district. Most of the species (59.5%) were crustose, while 27.6% were foliose, 12.7 % squamulose and none fruticose. The three most species-rich genera are Caloplaca with 7 species, Collema with 5 species and Aspicilia with 3 species; 6 genera were represented by 2 species and 20 by single species. All saxicolous lichens were calciphilic while the corticolous lichens were acidophilic. The most common and dominant species is Lecanora muralis, found in all 17 studied locations.

The aflatoxin producing fungi Aspergillus flavus, A. parasiticus, and A. nomius, although they are also produced by other species of Aspergillus as well as by Emericella spp.(Telemorph). There are many types of aflatoxins, but the four main ones are aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), aflatoxin B2 (AFB2), aflatoxin G1 (AFG1), and aflatoxin G2 (AFG2, while aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) and M2 (AFM2) are the hydroxylated metabolites of AFB1 and AFB2. Aflatoxin B1, which is a genotoxic hepatocarcinogen, which presumptively causes cancer by inducing DNA, adducts leading to genetic changes in target liver cells. Cytochrome-P450 enzymes to the reactive intermediate AFB1–8, 9 epoxide (AFBO) which binds to liver cell DNA, resulting in DNA adducts, metabolize AFB1 Ingestion of contaminated food is the main source of exposure to aflatoxins, which adversely affect the health of both humans and animals. The compounds can cause acute or chronic toxic effects of a teratogenic, mutagenic, carcinogenic, immunotoxic or hepatotoxic character. You can reduce your aflatoxin exposure by buying only major commercial brands of food and by discarding that look moldy, discolored, or shriveled.

The susceptibility of 8 cultivars of potato to infection by black leg disease was studied using artificial inoculation with 10-4 CFU/ml from isolated bacterial. The results showed that all cultivars were susceptible at different levels, under greenhouse and filed condition. Diamond was found to be the most susceptible cultivar to blackleg disease while Desiree was the least susceptible .Different method to treat the blackleg disease. The symptoms were reduction in the production of tubers and the appearance of infected of leaves and the reduction in different plant heights. The bacteria that cause this disease were isolated from potato tubers, shoots, soil and water. The mother tubers were found to be major source of inoculums for blackleg disease.

Microscopic examination showed that Erysiphe cichoracaerum is the causal agent of Milk thistle powdery mildew and its symptoms begin to appear in the middle of March. Plants sprayed with Neem (5%) had no effect on the percentage of chlorophyll, but reduced the severity percentage infection to 2.2, 50.0% respectively. The use of different concentrations of salicylic acid (SA) acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) led to an increase in wet and dry weight and higher plants hieght. One spray with 1 mmole ASA increased the wet weight to10.9 g. In the meantime, the dry weight differed significantly from other treatments except of 1 mmole SA once spray.

The present study was able to isolate eight different species and yeast of seed born fungi from carnation seed (Dianthus caryophyllus), six of which belong to the class Deuteromycetes, one to the class Ascomycetes, and one to the class Zygomycetes. The percentages of isolation were 7% Alternaria alternata , 1% Fusariun colmorum, and 1% F. oxysporum. The infection with these fungi caused reduction in the seed germination ratio to 28% and 16 % in the seed of the local cultivar and the red (Dwarf) with F.oxysporum respectively. while seeds of white cultivor (Doppio) exhibited ratios of 60% and 80% with both species of Fusarium. The biological controller Trichoderma herzianum had a clear effect on the growth of both species of the Fusarium and the antagonism degree 1.3 and 1.6 respectively. Fusarium oxysporum producd more polygalacturonase , pectatelyase and showed a clear zone 6 cm diameter around the fungal colony.