The widespread production of grain crops and the rejection of the classical technology of tillage led to a noticeable increase in the prevalence and harmfulness of phytopathogens. First of all, this applies to facultative parasites with a wide specialization - Bipolaris, Fusarium, as well as secondary fungi from the genus Alternaria, Cladosporium, Penicillium, etc. At the same time, there is a change of dominance among these species. The predominant niche is occupied by fungi of the genus Fusarium, instead of species of the genus Bipolaris. The infestation of not only the seed material with this pathogen, but also the root system requires the selection of approaches to reduce this pathogen development. The use of modern fungicides with chemical or biological substances in their composition can protect plants from the pathogen and affect yield.
The results of the study of the effectiveness of plant protection products against powdery mildew (Blumeria graminis) and tan spot (Pyrenophora tritici-repentis) for spring wheat are presented. It has been noted that the probability of mass destruction of crops by phytopathogens is determined by the stock of the infectious beginning of pathogens, the susceptibility of the host plant and the favorable weather conditions for their development and spread. The experiment was carried out using the methods generally accepted in the Russian Federation. During the observation period, the degree of plant damage of more than 20% in the heading phase was noted in 46% of the years of observation (in 2009, 2013, 2014, 2016, 2017). Epiphytotic development of powdery mildew together with brown leaf rust (Puccinia triticina Eriks.) was registered in 2013–2014 and 2016–2017. For 2009–2019 the degree of plant damage of more than 20% in the heading phase was noted in 46% of the years of observation (in 2009, 2013, 2014, 2016, 2017). Effective protection of wheat against powdery mildew (75–87%) was provided by fungicides based on 2–3 active ingredients. The biological effectiveness of the biofungicide (Bacillus subtilis) was manifested only in the years with moderate wheat damage and did not exceed the average level of 58%. It is more expedient to carry out operational control of yellow spotting of wheat leaves with preparations based on such active substances as "azoxystrobin + epoxiconazole", "tebuconazole + propiconazole". The level of statistically significant yield preserved due to fungicidal protection during the years of depression was 5–6%, with a moderate development of leaf diseases due to chemical fungicides - 18%, and the biological product provided an increase in productivity of 9%. During the years of epiphytoties, the chemical protection of crops retained an average of 24% of the wheat yield, polycomponent preparations had the best performance and stability of action, and the biological protection of plants under these conditions was ineffective.
Leaf-stem infections damage the wheat crop. Puccinia recondite and Blumeria graminis are especially harmful. There were outbreaks of septoriosis and pyrenophoresis (Stagonosopra nodorum, Pyrenophora tritici-repentis) and linear rust (Puccinia graminis). The lack of spring wheat crops and deterioration in the grain quality caused by epiphytoties is 25-50%. An effective method for controlling aerogenic infections is the use of fungicides. Studies on the effectiveness and feasibility of fungicidal protection of wheat against pathogens were carried out in Kurgan region. It is economically feasible to use Bacillus subtilis-based substances to prevent wheat infections. In case of a moderate wheat damage, it is recommended to use tank mixes (1/2 of systemic fungicide + hay-bacillus-based biofungicide). In case of mass development of leaf-stem infections, it is necessary to protect the crops using systemic fungicides if there is primary infection of a lower tier of leaves and weather conditions are favorable for pathogens. The use of fungicides preserved more than 30% of the wheat crops and improved the quality of grain. Profitability of chemical protection options increassed by 20-26 %.
ПриЁмы соХранения каЧества Зерна ПШеницы в Годы массо-воГо раЗвития листостеБлевыХ инФекций кекало алена Юрьевна, кандидат сельскохозяйственных наук, ведущий научный сотрудник лаборатории регуляторов роста и защиты растений Заргарян наталья Юрьевна, кандидат сельскохозяйственных наук, старший научный сотрудник лаборатории регуляторов роста и защиты растений немченко владимир васильевич, доктор сельскохозяйственных наук, профессор, главный научный сотрудник лаборатории регуляторов роста и защиты растений ФГБНУ «Уральский федеральный аграрный научно-исследовательский центр Уральского от
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