Protecting wheat seed from phytopathogens is a popular topic for plant breeders. The objects requiring close attention and control on wheat are smut infections, pathogens of root rot. And if the pathogens of smut we have learned to fight quite effectively with, then microorganisms that infect underground parts of plants are controlled with less success and many questions in the system of protection against them remain controversial. The issue of reducing the pesticide load on agrocenoses, starting with the protection of seeds, also remains relevant. The article presents the results of field trials of means of protecting spring wheat seeds from root rot in 2019–2020, carried out within the framework of the state assignment at the Kurgan SRIA — branch of FSBSI UrFASRC, according to generally accepted methods. The aim of the research was to assess the biological, economic efficiency of the combined use of a chemical seed dressing agent and a biofungicide based on Bacillus subtilis in protecting wheat from soil-seed infections, to determine the competitiveness of an ecologized method of protecting seeds (reduced consumption rate of a chemical seed dressing agent in combination with biological fungicide). The obtained research results indicate that with a high level of damage to wheat by root rot (Fusarium, B. sorokiniana), the use of seed treatment with the studied preparations ensured the preservation of 10–12% of the yield, more efficiency was noted in the variants with the Oplot 0.5 l/t and the Oplot 0.3 l/t + Nodix Premium 0.3 l/t . The technical effectiveness of fungicides against wheat root rot ranged 44% for Nodix Premium to 85–86% for chemical protection and mixed use. An environmentally friendly method of protecting wheat seeds, which consists in using a 40% lower rate of a chemical dressing agent with a biopesticide, turned out to be competitive.
The widespread production of grain crops and the rejection of the classical technology of tillage led to a noticeable increase in the prevalence and harmfulness of phytopathogens. First of all, this applies to facultative parasites with a wide specialization - Bipolaris, Fusarium, as well as secondary fungi from the genus Alternaria, Cladosporium, Penicillium, etc. At the same time, there is a change of dominance among these species. The predominant niche is occupied by fungi of the genus Fusarium, instead of species of the genus Bipolaris. The infestation of not only the seed material with this pathogen, but also the root system requires the selection of approaches to reduce this pathogen development. The use of modern fungicides with chemical or biological substances in their composition can protect plants from the pathogen and affect yield.
Leaf-stem infections damage the wheat crop. Puccinia recondite and Blumeria graminis are especially harmful. There were outbreaks of septoriosis and pyrenophoresis (Stagonosopra nodorum, Pyrenophora tritici-repentis) and linear rust (Puccinia graminis). The lack of spring wheat crops and deterioration in the grain quality caused by epiphytoties is 25-50%. An effective method for controlling aerogenic infections is the use of fungicides. Studies on the effectiveness and feasibility of fungicidal protection of wheat against pathogens were carried out in Kurgan region. It is economically feasible to use Bacillus subtilis-based substances to prevent wheat infections. In case of a moderate wheat damage, it is recommended to use tank mixes (1/2 of systemic fungicide + hay-bacillus-based biofungicide). In case of mass development of leaf-stem infections, it is necessary to protect the crops using systemic fungicides if there is primary infection of a lower tier of leaves and weather conditions are favorable for pathogens. The use of fungicides preserved more than 30% of the wheat crops and improved the quality of grain. Profitability of chemical protection options increassed by 20-26 %.
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