In the 1960s two technical bases for the Northern Fleet were created in the Russian northwest at Andreeva Bay in the Kola Peninsula and Gremikha village on the coast of the Barents Sea. They maintained nuclear submarines, receiving and storing radioactive waste and spent nuclear fuel. No further waste was received after 1985, and the technical bases have since been re-categorised as temporary storage sites. The handling of these materials to put them into a safe condition is especially hazardous because of their degraded state. This paper describes regulatory activities which have been carried out to support the supervision of radiological protection during recovery of waste and spent fuel, and to support regulatory decisions on overall site remediation. The work described includes: an assessment of the radiation situation on-site; the development of necessary additional regulatory rules and standards for radiation protection assurance for workers and the public during remediation; and the completion of an initial threat assessment to identify regulatory priorities. Detailed consideration of measures for the control of radiation exposure of workers and radiation exposure of the public during and after operations and emergency preparedness and response are complete and provided in sister papers. The continuing requirements for regulatory activities relevant to the development and implementation of on-going and future remediation activities are also outlined. The Norwegian Radiation Protection Authority supports the work, as part of the Norwegian Government's plan of action to promote improvements in radiation protection and nuclear safety in northwest Russia.
In the 1960s, two technical bases of the Northern Fleet were created in Northwest Russia, at Andreeva Bay in the Kola Peninsula and Gremikha village on the coast of the Barents Sea. They maintained nuclear submarines, performing receipt and storage of radioactive waste and spent nuclear fuel, and are now designated sites of temporary storage (STSs). An analysis of the radiation situation at these sites demonstrates that substantial long-term remediation work will be required after the removal of the waste and spent nuclear fuel. Regulatory guidance is under development to support this work. Having in mind modern approaches to guaranteeing radiation safety, the primary regulatory focus is on a justification of dose constraints for determining acceptable residual contamination which might lead to exposure to workers and the public. For these sites, four principal options for remediation have been considered-renovation, conversion, conservation and liquidation. This paper describes a system of recommended dose constraints and derived control levels formulated for each option. The unconditional guarantee of long-term radioecological protection provides the basis for criteria development. Non-exceedance of these dose constraints and control levels implies compliance with radiological protection objectives related to the residual contamination. Dose reduction below proposed dose constraint values must also be carried out according to the optimisation principle. The developed criteria relate to the condition of the facilities and the STS areas after the termination of remediation activities. The proposed criteria for renovation, conversion, conservation and liquidation are entirely within the dose limits adopted in Russia for the management of man-made radiation sources, and are consistent with ICRP recommendations and national practice in other countries. The proposed criteria for STS remediation and new industrial (non-radiation-hazardous) facilities and buildings on the remedied sites had, until now, no analogues in the Russian system of regulation of radiation-hygienic standardisation. The proposals made here may serve as a basis for corresponding standards at other sites.
To restrict radiation exposure to the population of Russia due to radionuclide ingestion via foods produced from agricultural raw material cultivated in Russia or imported from other states, Permissible Levels (PL) of 90 Sr and 137 Cs specific activities have been developed. The regulations comply with requirements of national Radiation Safety Standards (NRB-99), international recommendations for limitation of the public exposure under conditions of long-term radiation exposure and take into account the special features of food contamination generation in Russia. PL have been developed under condition of non-exceeding of 1 mSv annual internal dose to the public due to food intake. The levels developed for more than 140 kinds of foods have been included into the regulative document "Hygienic requirements of safety and food significance of foodstuffs" (SanPiN 2.3.2.1078-01) and are obligatory in Russia for national and imported foods.
Three republics of the former USSR -Belarus, Ukraine and Russia -became more contaminated following the Chernobyl accident. The subject of this paper is radioactivity assessment of the foodstuffs in Belarus and Russia, where more than 5000 food samples have been examined over more than the 20-year period after the Chernobyl accident. The methods used: beta-and gammaspectrometry, radiochemical method. Over the whole surveillance period in Belarus, excluding 1986, when the surface contamination made a significant contribution to the product, 137 Cs and 90 Sr in agricultural foods, with few exceptions, was lower than the actual temporary permissible levels for that time. Real 90 Sr or 137 Cs content in the prime foodstuffs over the Russian territory are currently a small fraction of the established regulations, excepting areas of emergency contamination. Nevertheless, up to now, among the regions most contaminated due to the Chernobyl precipitations, there are ones, where permissible radionuclide contents are in excess for some foodstuffs.
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