Cyperaceae family had been commonly found in rice field areas. This family consists of 3000 species and 220 of them were classified as weeds. The presence of secondary metabolites demonstrates that this family of weeds, despite being one of the most invasive species in the world, is capable of a variety of biological functions. In this study, the antioxidant analysis and potentially chemical compunds were identified on three weeds in Cyperaceae family: Cyperus iria, Fimbristylis miliacea, and Fimbristylis globulosa. The GC-MS analysis of methanol extract of the three species showed 25, 11, and 9 compounds respectively. This study focuses on the non-polar extraction. The methanol extracts of these three species were screened for antioxidant activity. Antioxidant activity was determined using DPPH test. IC50 values for the extracts are 309.07 μg/ml (C. iria), 250.67 μg/ml (F. miliaea), and 623.82 μg/ml (F. globulosa).
Fimbristylis genus had commonly found as a dominant weed in the rice fields. The sedges have been identified as one of the invasive weed in the world and their undesirable presence disturb the growth of the crop. The presence of secondary metabolites, on the other hand, revealed that this plant is capable of a wide range of biological activities. Therefore, this study focused on the phytochemistry, antioxidant and antifungal properties of 2 weeds in the genus Fimbristylis. The methanol extracts of 2 species; Fimbristylis miliacea and Fimbristylis dichotoma were screened for phytochemical, antioxidant and antifungal activity. Phytochemical screening showed the presence of saponin, terpenoid, phenolic and flavonoid. Antioxidant activity was determined using 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH) assay. The extracts have significant antioxidant activity with values of IC50 = 250.67 μg/ml (F. miliacea) and 213.72 μg/ml (F. dichotoma). Antifungal activity was validated by dual culture test; minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimal fungicidal concentration (MFC) using crude methanol extract 10mg/mL. The percentage of inhibition radial growth (PIRG) value by dual culture test against Colletotrichum spp for F. miliacea was 42.67%, and F. dichotoma was 38.33%. For MIC and MFC test, the lowest values against the plant pathogenic fungi showed at 1.25 mg/mL and 2.5 mg/mL. From the results, it showed that these extracts have the potential to be develop as natural products in integrated control strategies.
To date, there has been limited knowledge on the applicability of the spline interpolation method to estimate coastal water quality parameters. This study aims to assess the performance of the regularised and tension spline interpolation techniques for predicting and mapping the phosphate concentration in the surface water of Pulau Tuba, Langkawi, Kedah. Sampling points were set up randomly along the coastal water of Pulau Tuba in November 2018. Samples were obtained using the Niskin Water Sampler at 1 meter below the surface and immediately transported into the marine technology laboratory. Phosphate levels were determined using an Ultraviolet Visible spectrophotometer and the ascorbic acid technique. The Geographic Positioning System (GPS) was used to record the geolocation of each sampling point. The training set (50%) and the testing set (50%) were chosen randomly based on 20 sampling points. The regularized and tension spline interpolation methods were used for this study. Evaluation of prediction of models was carried out using the Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) statistics. The study found that the tension spline interpolation method better predicted phosphate concentration. The Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) was reported at 0.106 and 0.094 for the regularized and tension spline interpolation methods, respectively. Concerned parties can utilize the study's findings as guidelines for monitoring, managing, and developing strategic strategies for the long-term development of the coastal waters of Pulau Tuba, Langkawi, Kedah.
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