To date, there has been limited knowledge on the applicability of the spline interpolation method to estimate coastal water quality parameters. This study aims to assess the performance of the regularised and tension spline interpolation techniques for predicting and mapping the phosphate concentration in the surface water of Pulau Tuba, Langkawi, Kedah. Sampling points were set up randomly along the coastal water of Pulau Tuba in November 2018. Samples were obtained using the Niskin Water Sampler at 1 meter below the surface and immediately transported into the marine technology laboratory. Phosphate levels were determined using an Ultraviolet Visible spectrophotometer and the ascorbic acid technique. The Geographic Positioning System (GPS) was used to record the geolocation of each sampling point. The training set (50%) and the testing set (50%) were chosen randomly based on 20 sampling points. The regularized and tension spline interpolation methods were used for this study. Evaluation of prediction of models was carried out using the Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) statistics. The study found that the tension spline interpolation method better predicted phosphate concentration. The Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) was reported at 0.106 and 0.094 for the regularized and tension spline interpolation methods, respectively. Concerned parties can utilize the study's findings as guidelines for monitoring, managing, and developing strategic strategies for the long-term development of the coastal waters of Pulau Tuba, Langkawi, Kedah.
This research aims to assess the spatial-temporal pH variations on the surface water of Kuala Perlis, Perlis. The sampling points were determined and recorded using the Global Positioning Systems (GPS) in December 2021. A total of five sampling points for each morning, afternoon, and evening period were established, and the pH meter readings were recorded. The analysis of variance (ANOVA) was set at 0.05 to determine the significant difference in the spatial-temporal mean pH readings using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 26. The research found that the pH readings were 6.98 – 7.24, 6.76 -7.41, and 6.58 – 7.54 for the morning, afternoon, and evening periods. The research also found no significant difference in the mean pH readings with respect to temporal variations (> .05). However, the research found a significant difference in pH readings (p< .05) concerning spatial variations. The local government and non-government bodies can utilize the output of this research to monitor river acidification processes and the social-economic development of this area.
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