A three-dimensional cloud model-microwave radiative transfer model combination is used to study the relations among the precipitation and other microphysical characteristics of a tropical oceanic squall line and the upwelling radiance at pertinent microwave frequencies. Complex brightness temperature-rain rate relations are evident at the full horizontal resolution (1.5 km) of the models, with spatial avenging producing smoother, shifted relations, in most cases. Nonprecipitating cloud water is shown to be important in understanding the resulting distribution of brightness temperature. At the mature stage, convective portions of the cloud system are shown to produce different brightness temperature relations than the stratiform portion, primarily related to the distribution of cloud water. The evolution of the convective system from a small convective complex through its mature stage and the beginning of its dissipation also is shown to result in a variation of brightness temperature-rain relations, related to the distribution of cloud water and the evolution of ice in the precipitating system. The results of the study paint to the need to take into account the evolution of nonprecipitating cloud water and precipitation-sized ice in the retrieval of rain team from microwave space observations. This effect is evident for both the life cycle of individual convective elements and the life cycle of the convective system as a whole.

The compound, LaBi 5 Fe 2 Ti 3 O 18 , is a five-layered material belonging to the family of bismuth layered structure ferroelectromagnetics. D.c. and a.c. conductivity measurements were performed on the samples. Dielectric measurements were also performed on these samples. Combined impedance and modulus plots were used as tools to analyse the sample behaviour as a function of frequency. Cole-Cole plots showed non-Debye relaxation.

CoxCdl_xC2044H20 crystals grown by gel technique are characterized for dielectric properties by optical absorption measurements. Loss curve shows a relaxation peak at 500 KHz corresponding to a relaxation time of 0"3 #s. Cole-Cole diagrams give exponent of universal power law to be equal to 0'22. Optical absorption shows peaks due to Co ÷ 2 ion and water of hydration. An attempt is made to understand the results.

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We performed a systematic analysis of the structure, ferroelectric and photocatalytic activities of Sm and V codoped Bi 4 Ti 3 O 12 (SBVT) ceramics. The formation of 3-layered Aurivillius structure and chemically induced strain of SBVT were analyzed by SEM and HRTEM studies. From the results of structural refinements, temperature dependent XRD and Raman spectra we found that SBVT has a distorted orthorhombic structure and transforms to tetragonal in the temperature range of 475-600 C. Raman modes of Bi sites experience the phase transition earlier compared to torsional bending modes of BO 6 octahedra. From the results of polarization and piezoelectric strain measurements, we found that SBVT exhibits superior ferroelectric characteristics as well as improved S 33 (0.02 Â 10 À3 ) compared to other rare-earth doped Bi 4 Ti 3 O 12 materials reported in the literature. SBVT exhibited fatigue endurance up to 10 8 switching cycles. Such a behavior is attributed to the structural distortions due to the smaller ionic radius of Sm 3+ and reduced oxygen vacancies. Local piezoresponse measurements demonstrated imprint characteristics of ferroelectric domains. Furthermore, we assessed the photocatalytic (PC) activity of SBVTfor the first timein the gassolid phase, monitoring the degradation of nitrogen oxides (i.e. NO + NO 2 ). Results demonstrated that SBVT was photocatalytically active in the solar spectrum, being able to degrade NO x at ppb level concentration, and exhibited a very stable PC activity (five consecutive PC runs), proving itself suitable for reuse.rsc.li/rsc-advances 9680 | RSC Adv., 2017, 7, 9680-9692This journal is

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